Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: ServiceCIDR
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2023-10-12T15:11:07Z"
  deletionGracePeriodSeconds: 0
  deletionTimestamp: "2023-10-12T15:12:45Z"
  finalizers:
  - networking.k8s.io/service-cidr-finalizer
  name: newcidr1
  resourceVersion: "1133"
  uid: 5ffd8afe-c78f-4e60-ae76-cec448a8af40
spec:
  cidrs:
  - 10.96.0.0/24
status:
  conditions:
  - lastTransitionTime: "2023-10-12T15:12:45Z"
    message: There are still IPAddresses referencing the ServiceCIDR, please remove
      them or create a new ServiceCIDR
    reason: OrphanIPAddress
    status: "False"
    type: Ready

Response: This yaml code Extend Service IP Ranges | By removing the Services containing the IP addresses that are blocking the deletion of the ServiceCIDR


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

for i in $(seq 13 16); do kubectl delete service "test-$i" ; done

Response: This text code Extend Service IP Ranges | the control plane notices the removal. The control plane then removes its finalizer, so that the ServiceCIDR that was pending deletion will actually be removed.

Context: Extend Service IP Ranges | the control plane notices the removal. The control plane then removes its finalizer, so that the ServiceCIDR that was pending deletion will actually be removed.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

matchConditions:
  - name: 'exclude-default-servicecidr'
    expression: "object.metadata.name != 'kubernetes'"

Response: This text code Extend Service IP Ranges | as in the examples below.

Context: Extend Service IP Ranges | as in the examples below.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1
kind: ValidatingAdmissionPolicy
metadata:
  name: "servicecidrs.default"
spec:
  failurePolicy: Fail
  matchConstraints:
    resourceRules:
    - apiGroups:   ["networking.k8s.io"]
      apiVersions: ["v1","v1beta1"]
      operations:  ["CREATE", "UPDATE"]
      resources:   ["servicecidrs"]
  matchConditions:
  - name: 'exclude-default-servicecidr'
    expression: "object.metadata.name != 'kubernetes'"

Response:
  variables:
  - name: allowed
    expression: "['10.96.0.0/16','2001:db8::/64']"
  validations:
  - expression: "object.spec.cidrs.all(newCIDR, variables.allowed.exists(allowedCIDR, cidr(allowedCIDR).containsCIDR(newCIDR)))"
  # For all CIDRs (newCIDR) listed in the spec.cidrs of the submitted ServiceCIDR
  # object, check if there exists at least one CIDR (allowedCIDR) in the `allowed`
  # list of the VAP such that the allowedCIDR fully contains the newCIDR.
---
apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1
kind: ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding
metadata:
  name: "servicecidrs-binding"
spec:
  policyName: "servicecidrs.default"
  validationActions: [Deny,Audit]

Context: Extend Service IP Ranges | Consult the CEL documentation to learn more about CEL if you want to write your own validation expression.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1
kind: ValidatingAdmissionPolicy
metadata:
  name: "servicecidrs.default"
spec:
  failurePolicy: Fail
  matchConstraints:
    resourceRules:
    - apiGroups:   ["networking.k8s.io"]
      apiVersions: ["v1","v1beta1"]
      operations:  ["CREATE", "UPDATE"]
      resources:   ["servicecidrs"]
  matchConditions:
  - name: 'exclude-default-servicecidr'
    expression: "object.metadata.name != 'kubernetes'"
  variables:
  - name: allowed
    expression: "['10.96.0.0/16','2001:db8::/64']"
  validations:
  - expression: "object.spec.cidrs.all(newCIDR, variables.allowed.exists(allowedCIDR, cidr(allowedCIDR).containsCIDR(newCIDR)))"
  # For all CIDRs (newCIDR) listed in the spec.cidrs of the submitted ServiceCIDR
  # object, check if there exists at least one CIDR (allowedCIDR) in the `allowed`
  # list of the VAP such that the allowedCIDR fully contains the newCIDR.
---
apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1
kind: ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding
metadata:
  name: "servicecidrs-binding"
spec:
  policyName: "servicecidrs.default"
  validationActions: [Deny,Audit]

Response: This yaml code Extend Service IP Ranges | Consult the CEL documentation to learn more about CEL if you want to write your own validation expression.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1
kind: ValidatingAdmissionPolicy
metadata:
  name: "servicecidrs.deny"
spec:
  failurePolicy: Fail
  matchConstraints:
    resourceRules:
    - apiGroups:   ["networking.k8s.io"]
      apiVersions: ["v1","v1beta1"]
      operations:  ["CREATE", "UPDATE"]

Response:
      resources:   ["servicecidrs"]
  validations:
  - expression: "object.metadata.name == 'kubernetes'"
---
apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1
kind: ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding
metadata:
  name: "servicecidrs-deny-binding"
spec:
  policyName: "servicecidrs.deny"
  validationActions: [Deny,Audit]

Context: Extend Service IP Ranges |


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1
kind: ValidatingAdmissionPolicy
metadata:
  name: "servicecidrs.deny"
spec:
  failurePolicy: Fail
  matchConstraints:
    resourceRules:
    - apiGroups:   ["networking.k8s.io"]
      apiVersions: ["v1","v1beta1"]
      operations:  ["CREATE", "UPDATE"]
      resources:   ["servicecidrs"]
  validations:
  - expression: "object.metadata.name == 'kubernetes'"
---
apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1
kind: ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding
metadata:
  name: "servicecidrs-deny-binding"
spec:
  policyName: "servicecidrs.deny"
  validationActions: [Deny,Audit]

Response: This yaml code Extend Service IP Ranges |

Context: Extend Service IP Ranges |


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl create job NAME --image=image [--from=cronjob/name] -- [COMMAND] [args...]

Response: This bash code kubectl create job | If true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.

Context: kubectl create job | If true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

# Create a job
  kubectl create job my-job --image=busybox

  # Create a job with a command

Response:
  kubectl create job my-job --image=busybox -- date

  # Create a job from a cron job named "a-cronjob"
  kubectl create job test-job --from=cronjob/a-cronjob


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Create a job
  kubectl create job my-job --image=busybox

  # Create a job with a command
  kubectl create job my-job --image=busybox -- date

  # Create a job from a cron job named "a-cronjob"
  kubectl create job test-job --from=cronjob/a-cronjob

Response: This text code kubectl create job | If true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl create job NAME --image=image [--from=cronjob/name] -- [COMMAND] [args...]

Response: This bash code kubectl create job | If true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

# Create a job
  kubectl create job my-job --image=busybox

  # Create a job with a command

Response:
  kubectl create job my-job --image=busybox -- date

  # Create a job from a cron job named "a-cronjob"
  kubectl create job test-job --from=cronjob/a-cronjob


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Create a job
  kubectl create job my-job --image=busybox

  # Create a job with a command
  kubectl create job my-job --image=busybox -- date

  # Create a job from a cron job named "a-cronjob"
  kubectl create job test-job --from=cronjob/a-cronjob

Response: This text code kubectl create job | If true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

count(kube_pod_status_ready{condition="false"}) by (namespace, pod)

Response: This text code Metrics for Kubernetes Object States | Metrics generated from kube-state-metrics also allow for alerting on issues in the cluster.

Context: Metrics for Kubernetes Object States | Metrics generated from kube-state-metrics also allow for alerting on issues in the cluster.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

groups:
- name: Pod state
  rules:
  - alert: PodsBlockedInTerminatingState
    expr: count(kube_pod_deletion_timestamp) by (namespace, pod) * count(kube_pod_status_reason{reason="NodeLost"} == 0) by (namespace, pod) > 0

Response:
    for: 5m
    labels:
      severity: page
    annotations:
      summary: Pod {{$labels.namespace}}/{{$labels.pod}} blocked in Terminating state.

Context: Metrics for Kubernetes Object States | Items on this page refer to third party products or projects that provide functionality required by Kubernetes. The Kubernetes project authors aren't responsible for those third-party products or proj


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

groups:
- name: Pod state
  rules:
  - alert: PodsBlockedInTerminatingState
    expr: count(kube_pod_deletion_timestamp) by (namespace, pod) * count(kube_pod_status_reason{reason="NodeLost"} == 0) by (namespace, pod) > 0
    for: 5m
    labels:
      severity: page
    annotations:
      summary: Pod {{$labels.namespace}}/{{$labels.pod}} blocked in Terminating state.

Response: This text code Metrics for Kubernetes Object States | Items on this page refer to third party products or projects that provide functionality required by Kubernetes. The Kubernetes project authors aren't responsible for those third-party products or proj


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

count(kube_pod_status_ready{condition="false"}) by (namespace, pod)

Response: This text code Metrics for Kubernetes Object States | Metrics generated from kube-state-metrics also allow for alerting on issues in the cluster.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

groups:
- name: Pod state
  rules:
  - alert: PodsBlockedInTerminatingState
    expr: count(kube_pod_deletion_timestamp) by (namespace, pod) * count(kube_pod_status_reason{reason="NodeLost"} == 0) by (namespace, pod) > 0

Response:
    for: 5m
    labels:
      severity: page
    annotations:
      summary: Pod {{$labels.namespace}}/{{$labels.pod}} blocked in Terminating state.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

groups:
- name: Pod state
  rules:
  - alert: PodsBlockedInTerminatingState
    expr: count(kube_pod_deletion_timestamp) by (namespace, pod) * count(kube_pod_status_reason{reason="NodeLost"} == 0) by (namespace, pod) > 0
    for: 5m
    labels:
      severity: page
    annotations:
      summary: Pod {{$labels.namespace}}/{{$labels.pod}} blocked in Terminating state.

Response: This yaml code Metrics for Kubernetes Object States | Items on this page refer to third party products or projects that provide functionality required by Kubernetes. The Kubernetes project authors aren't responsible for those third-party products or proj


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

groups:
- name: Pod state
  rules:
  - alert: PodsBlockedInTerminatingState
    expr: count(kube_pod_deletion_timestamp) by (namespace, pod) * count(kube_pod_status_reason{reason="NodeLost"} == 0) by (namespace, pod) > 0

Response:
    for: 5m
    labels:
      severity: page
    annotations:
      summary: Pod {{$labels.namespace}}/{{$labels.pod}} blocked in Terminating state.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

groups:
- name: Pod state
  rules:
  - alert: PodsBlockedInTerminatingState
    expr: count(kube_pod_deletion_timestamp) by (namespace, pod) * count(kube_pod_status_reason{reason="NodeLost"} == 0) by (namespace, pod) > 0
    for: 5m
    labels:
      severity: page
    annotations:
      summary: Pod {{$labels.namespace}}/{{$labels.pod}} blocked in Terminating state.

Response: This text code Metrics for Kubernetes Object States | Items on this page refer to third party products or projects that provide functionality required by Kubernetes. The Kubernetes project authors aren't responsible for those third-party products or proj


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

---
#
# DO NOT USE THE CONFIG AS IS. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE.
#
apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationConfiguration
authorizers:
  - type: Webhook
    # Name used to describe the authorizer
    # This is explicitly used in monitoring machinery for metrics
    # Note:
    #   - Validation for this field is similar to how K8s labels are validated today.
    # Required, with no default
    name: webhook
    webhook:
      # The duration to cache 'authorized' responses from the webhook
      # authorizer.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl` flag
      # Default: 5m0s
      authorizedTTL: 30s
      # If set to false, 'authorized' responses from the webhook are not cached
      # and the specified authorizedTTL is ignored/has no effect.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl` flag to `0`.
      # Note: Setting authorizedTTL to `0` results in its default value being used.
      # Default: true
      cacheAuthorizedRequests: true
      # The duration to cache 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook
      # authorizer.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-unauthorized-ttl` flag
      # Default: 30s
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      # If set to false, 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook are not cached
      # and the specified unauthorizedTTL is ignored/has no effect.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-unauthorized-ttl` flag to `0`.
      # Note: Setting unauthorizedTTL to `0` results in its default value being used.
      # Default: true
      cacheUnauthorizedRequests: true
      # Timeout for the webhook request
      # Maximum allowed is 30s.
      # Required, with no default.
      timeout: 3s
      # The API version of the authorization.k8s.io SubjectAccessReview to
      # send to and expect from the webhook.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-version` flag
      # Required, with no default
      # Valid values: v1beta1, v1
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      # MatchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion specifies the SubjectAccessReview
      # version the CEL expressions are evaluated against
      # Valid values: v1
      # Required, no default value
      matchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      # Controls the authorization decision when a webhook request fails to
      # complete or returns a malformed response or errors evaluating
      # matchConditions.

Response:
      # Valid values:
      #   - NoOpinion: continue to subsequent authorizers to see if one of
      #     them allows the request
      #   - Deny: reject the request without consulting subsequent authorizers
      # Required, with no default.
      failurePolicy: Deny
      connectionInfo:
        # Controls how the webhook should communicate with the server.
        # Valid values:
        # - KubeConfigFile: use the file specified in kubeConfigFile to locate the
        #   server.
        # - InClusterConfig: use the in-cluster configuration to call the
        #   SubjectAccessReview API hosted by kube-apiserver. This mode is not
        #   allowed for kube-apiserver.
        type: KubeConfigFile
        # Path to KubeConfigFile for connection info
        # Required, if connectionInfo.Type is KubeConfigFile
        kubeConfigFile: /kube-system-authz-webhook.yaml
        # matchConditions is a list of conditions that must be met for a request to be sent to this
        # webhook. An empty list of matchConditions matches all requests.
        # There are a maximum of 64 match conditions allowed.
        #
        # The exact matching logic is (in order):
        #   1. If at least one matchCondition evaluates to FALSE, then the webhook is skipped.
        #   2. If ALL matchConditions evaluate to TRUE, then the webhook is called.
        #   3. If at least one matchCondition evaluates to an error (but none are FALSE):
        #      - If failurePolicy=Deny, then the webhook rejects the request
        #      - If failurePolicy=NoOpinion, then the error is ignored and the webhook is skipped
      matchConditions:
      # expression represents the expression which will be evaluated by CEL. Must evaluate to bool.
      # CEL expressions have access to the contents of the SubjectAccessReview in v1 version.
      # If version specified by subjectAccessReviewVersion in the request variable is v1beta1,
      # the contents would be converted to the v1 version before evaluating the CEL expression.
      #
      # Documentation on CEL: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/using-api/cel/
      #
      # only send resource requests to the webhook
      - expression: has(request.resourceAttributes)
      # only intercept requests to kube-system
      - expression: request.resourceAttributes.namespace == 'kube-system'
      # don't intercept requests from kube-system service accounts
      - expression: "!('system:serviceaccounts:kube-system' in request.groups)"
  - type: Node
    name: node
  - type: RBAC
    name: rbac
  - type: Webhook
    name: in-cluster-authorizer
    webhook:
      authorizedTTL: 5m
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      timeout: 3s
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      failurePolicy: NoOpinion
      connectionInfo:
        type: InClusterConfig

Context: Authorization | When configuring the authorizer chain using a configuration file, make sure all the control plane nodes have the same file contents. Take a note of the API server configuration when upgrading / downgr


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

---
#
# DO NOT USE THE CONFIG AS IS. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE.
#
apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationConfiguration
authorizers:
  - type: Webhook
    # Name used to describe the authorizer
    # This is explicitly used in monitoring machinery for metrics
    # Note:
    #   - Validation for this field is similar to how K8s labels are validated today.
    # Required, with no default
    name: webhook
    webhook:
      # The duration to cache 'authorized' responses from the webhook
      # authorizer.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl` flag
      # Default: 5m0s
      authorizedTTL: 30s
      # If set to false, 'authorized' responses from the webhook are not cached
      # and the specified authorizedTTL is ignored/has no effect.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl` flag to `0`.
      # Note: Setting authorizedTTL to `0` results in its default value being used.
      # Default: true
      cacheAuthorizedRequests: true
      # The duration to cache 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook
      # authorizer.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-unauthorized-ttl` flag
      # Default: 30s
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      # If set to false, 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook are not cached
      # and the specified unauthorizedTTL is ignored/has no effect.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-unauthorized-ttl` flag to `0`.
      # Note: Setting unauthorizedTTL to `0` results in its default value being used.
      # Default: true
      cacheUnauthorizedRequests: true
      # Timeout for the webhook request
      # Maximum allowed is 30s.
      # Required, with no default.
      timeout: 3s
      # The API version of the authorization.k8s.io SubjectAccessReview to
      # send to and expect from the webhook.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-version` flag
      # Required, with no default
      # Valid values: v1beta1, v1
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      # MatchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion specifies the SubjectAccessReview
      # version the CEL expressions are evaluated against
      # Valid values: v1
      # Required, no default value
      matchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      # Controls the authorization decision when a webhook request fails to
      # complete or returns a malformed response or errors evaluating
      # matchConditions.
      # Valid values:
      #   - NoOpinion: continue to subsequent authorizers to see if one of
      #     them allows the request
      #   - Deny: reject the request without consulting subsequent authorizers
      # Required, with no default.
      failurePolicy: Deny
      connectionInfo:
        # Controls how the webhook should communicate with the server.
        # Valid values:
        # - KubeConfigFile: use the file specified in kubeConfigFile to locate the
        #   server.
        # - InClusterConfig: use the in-cluster configuration to call the
        #   SubjectAccessReview API hosted by kube-apiserver. This mode is not
        #   allowed for kube-apiserver.
        type: KubeConfigFile
        # Path to KubeConfigFile for connection info
        # Required, if connectionInfo.Type is KubeConfigFile
        kubeConfigFile: /kube-system-authz-webhook.yaml
        # matchConditions is a list of conditions that must be met for a request to be sent to this
        # webhook. An empty list of matchConditions matches all requests.
        # There are a maximum of 64 match conditions allowed.
        #
        # The exact matching logic is (in order):
        #   1. If at least one matchCondition evaluates to FALSE, then the webhook is skipped.
        #   2. If ALL matchConditions evaluate to TRUE, then the webhook is called.
        #   3. If at least one matchCondition evaluates to an error (but none are FALSE):
        #      - If failurePolicy=Deny, then the webhook rejects the request
        #      - If failurePolicy=NoOpinion, then the error is ignored and the webhook is skipped
      matchConditions:
      # expression represents the expression which will be evaluated by CEL. Must evaluate to bool.
      # CEL expressions have access to the contents of the SubjectAccessReview in v1 version.
      # If version specified by subjectAccessReviewVersion in the request variable is v1beta1,
      # the contents would be converted to the v1 version before evaluating the CEL expression.
      #
      # Documentation on CEL: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/using-api/cel/
      #
      # only send resource requests to the webhook
      - expression: has(request.resourceAttributes)
      # only intercept requests to kube-system
      - expression: request.resourceAttributes.namespace == 'kube-system'
      # don't intercept requests from kube-system service accounts
      - expression: "!('system:serviceaccounts:kube-system' in request.groups)"
  - type: Node
    name: node
  - type: RBAC
    name: rbac
  - type: Webhook
    name: in-cluster-authorizer
    webhook:
      authorizedTTL: 5m
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      timeout: 3s
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      failurePolicy: NoOpinion
      connectionInfo:
        type: InClusterConfig

Response: This yaml code Authorization | When configuring the authorizer chain using a configuration file, make sure all the control plane nodes have the same file contents. Take a note of the API server configuration when upgrading / downgr


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl auth can-i create deployments --namespace dev

Response: This bash code Authorization | The output is similar to this:

Context: Authorization | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl auth can-i create deployments --namespace prod

Response: This bash code Authorization | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl auth can-i list secrets --namespace dev --as dave

Response: This bash code Authorization | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl auth can-i list pods \
    --namespace target \
    --as system:serviceaccount:dev:dev-sa

Response: This bash code Authorization | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

kubectl create -f - -o yaml << EOF
apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: SelfSubjectAccessReview
spec:
  resourceAttributes:

Response:
    group: apps
    resource: deployments
    verb: create
    namespace: dev
EOF

Context: Authorization | The generated SelfSubjectAccessReview is similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

kubectl create -f - -o yaml << EOF
apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: SelfSubjectAccessReview
spec:
  resourceAttributes:
    group: apps
    resource: deployments
    verb: create
    namespace: dev
EOF

Response: This yaml code Authorization | The generated SelfSubjectAccessReview is similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: SelfSubjectAccessReview
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
spec:
  resourceAttributes:

Response:
    group: apps
    resource: deployments
    namespace: dev
    verb: create
status:
  allowed: true
  denied: false

Context: Authorization |


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: SelfSubjectAccessReview
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
spec:
  resourceAttributes:
    group: apps
    resource: deployments
    namespace: dev
    verb: create
status:
  allowed: true
  denied: false

Response: This yaml code Authorization |

Context: Authorization |


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

---
#
# DO NOT USE THE CONFIG AS IS. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE.
#
apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationConfiguration
authorizers:
  - type: Webhook
    # Name used to describe the authorizer
    # This is explicitly used in monitoring machinery for metrics
    # Note:
    #   - Validation for this field is similar to how K8s labels are validated today.
    # Required, with no default
    name: webhook
    webhook:
      # The duration to cache 'authorized' responses from the webhook
      # authorizer.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl` flag
      # Default: 5m0s
      authorizedTTL: 30s
      # If set to false, 'authorized' responses from the webhook are not cached
      # and the specified authorizedTTL is ignored/has no effect.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl` flag to `0`.
      # Note: Setting authorizedTTL to `0` results in its default value being used.
      # Default: true
      cacheAuthorizedRequests: true
      # The duration to cache 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook
      # authorizer.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-unauthorized-ttl` flag
      # Default: 30s
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      # If set to false, 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook are not cached
      # and the specified unauthorizedTTL is ignored/has no effect.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-unauthorized-ttl` flag to `0`.
      # Note: Setting unauthorizedTTL to `0` results in its default value being used.
      # Default: true
      cacheUnauthorizedRequests: true
      # Timeout for the webhook request
      # Maximum allowed is 30s.
      # Required, with no default.
      timeout: 3s
      # The API version of the authorization.k8s.io SubjectAccessReview to
      # send to and expect from the webhook.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-version` flag
      # Required, with no default
      # Valid values: v1beta1, v1
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      # MatchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion specifies the SubjectAccessReview
      # version the CEL expressions are evaluated against
      # Valid values: v1
      # Required, no default value
      matchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      # Controls the authorization decision when a webhook request fails to
      # complete or returns a malformed response or errors evaluating
      # matchConditions.

Response:
      # Valid values:
      #   - NoOpinion: continue to subsequent authorizers to see if one of
      #     them allows the request
      #   - Deny: reject the request without consulting subsequent authorizers
      # Required, with no default.
      failurePolicy: Deny
      connectionInfo:
        # Controls how the webhook should communicate with the server.
        # Valid values:
        # - KubeConfigFile: use the file specified in kubeConfigFile to locate the
        #   server.
        # - InClusterConfig: use the in-cluster configuration to call the
        #   SubjectAccessReview API hosted by kube-apiserver. This mode is not
        #   allowed for kube-apiserver.
        type: KubeConfigFile
        # Path to KubeConfigFile for connection info
        # Required, if connectionInfo.Type is KubeConfigFile
        kubeConfigFile: /kube-system-authz-webhook.yaml
        # matchConditions is a list of conditions that must be met for a request to be sent to this
        # webhook. An empty list of matchConditions matches all requests.
        # There are a maximum of 64 match conditions allowed.
        #
        # The exact matching logic is (in order):
        #   1. If at least one matchCondition evaluates to FALSE, then the webhook is skipped.
        #   2. If ALL matchConditions evaluate to TRUE, then the webhook is called.
        #   3. If at least one matchCondition evaluates to an error (but none are FALSE):
        #      - If failurePolicy=Deny, then the webhook rejects the request
        #      - If failurePolicy=NoOpinion, then the error is ignored and the webhook is skipped
      matchConditions:
      # expression represents the expression which will be evaluated by CEL. Must evaluate to bool.
      # CEL expressions have access to the contents of the SubjectAccessReview in v1 version.
      # If version specified by subjectAccessReviewVersion in the request variable is v1beta1,
      # the contents would be converted to the v1 version before evaluating the CEL expression.
      #
      # Documentation on CEL: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/using-api/cel/
      #
      # only send resource requests to the webhook
      - expression: has(request.resourceAttributes)
      # only intercept requests to kube-system
      - expression: request.resourceAttributes.namespace == 'kube-system'
      # don't intercept requests from kube-system service accounts
      - expression: "!('system:serviceaccounts:kube-system' in request.groups)"
  - type: Node
    name: node
  - type: RBAC
    name: rbac
  - type: Webhook
    name: in-cluster-authorizer
    webhook:
      authorizedTTL: 5m
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      timeout: 3s
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      failurePolicy: NoOpinion
      connectionInfo:
        type: InClusterConfig


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

---
#
# DO NOT USE THE CONFIG AS IS. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE.
#
apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationConfiguration
authorizers:
  - type: Webhook
    # Name used to describe the authorizer
    # This is explicitly used in monitoring machinery for metrics
    # Note:
    #   - Validation for this field is similar to how K8s labels are validated today.
    # Required, with no default
    name: webhook
    webhook:
      # The duration to cache 'authorized' responses from the webhook
      # authorizer.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl` flag
      # Default: 5m0s
      authorizedTTL: 30s
      # If set to false, 'authorized' responses from the webhook are not cached
      # and the specified authorizedTTL is ignored/has no effect.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl` flag to `0`.
      # Note: Setting authorizedTTL to `0` results in its default value being used.
      # Default: true
      cacheAuthorizedRequests: true
      # The duration to cache 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook
      # authorizer.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-unauthorized-ttl` flag
      # Default: 30s
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      # If set to false, 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook are not cached
      # and the specified unauthorizedTTL is ignored/has no effect.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-unauthorized-ttl` flag to `0`.
      # Note: Setting unauthorizedTTL to `0` results in its default value being used.
      # Default: true
      cacheUnauthorizedRequests: true
      # Timeout for the webhook request
      # Maximum allowed is 30s.
      # Required, with no default.
      timeout: 3s
      # The API version of the authorization.k8s.io SubjectAccessReview to
      # send to and expect from the webhook.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-version` flag
      # Required, with no default
      # Valid values: v1beta1, v1
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      # MatchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion specifies the SubjectAccessReview
      # version the CEL expressions are evaluated against
      # Valid values: v1
      # Required, no default value
      matchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      # Controls the authorization decision when a webhook request fails to
      # complete or returns a malformed response or errors evaluating
      # matchConditions.
      # Valid values:
      #   - NoOpinion: continue to subsequent authorizers to see if one of
      #     them allows the request
      #   - Deny: reject the request without consulting subsequent authorizers
      # Required, with no default.
      failurePolicy: Deny
      connectionInfo:
        # Controls how the webhook should communicate with the server.
        # Valid values:
        # - KubeConfigFile: use the file specified in kubeConfigFile to locate the
        #   server.
        # - InClusterConfig: use the in-cluster configuration to call the
        #   SubjectAccessReview API hosted by kube-apiserver. This mode is not
        #   allowed for kube-apiserver.
        type: KubeConfigFile
        # Path to KubeConfigFile for connection info
        # Required, if connectionInfo.Type is KubeConfigFile
        kubeConfigFile: /kube-system-authz-webhook.yaml
        # matchConditions is a list of conditions that must be met for a request to be sent to this
        # webhook. An empty list of matchConditions matches all requests.
        # There are a maximum of 64 match conditions allowed.
        #
        # The exact matching logic is (in order):
        #   1. If at least one matchCondition evaluates to FALSE, then the webhook is skipped.
        #   2. If ALL matchConditions evaluate to TRUE, then the webhook is called.
        #   3. If at least one matchCondition evaluates to an error (but none are FALSE):
        #      - If failurePolicy=Deny, then the webhook rejects the request
        #      - If failurePolicy=NoOpinion, then the error is ignored and the webhook is skipped
      matchConditions:
      # expression represents the expression which will be evaluated by CEL. Must evaluate to bool.
      # CEL expressions have access to the contents of the SubjectAccessReview in v1 version.
      # If version specified by subjectAccessReviewVersion in the request variable is v1beta1,
      # the contents would be converted to the v1 version before evaluating the CEL expression.
      #
      # Documentation on CEL: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/using-api/cel/
      #
      # only send resource requests to the webhook
      - expression: has(request.resourceAttributes)
      # only intercept requests to kube-system
      - expression: request.resourceAttributes.namespace == 'kube-system'
      # don't intercept requests from kube-system service accounts
      - expression: "!('system:serviceaccounts:kube-system' in request.groups)"
  - type: Node
    name: node
  - type: RBAC
    name: rbac
  - type: Webhook
    name: in-cluster-authorizer
    webhook:
      authorizedTTL: 5m
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      timeout: 3s
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      failurePolicy: NoOpinion
      connectionInfo:
        type: InClusterConfig

Response: This yaml code Authorization | When configuring the authorizer chain using a configuration file, make sure all the control plane nodes have the same file contents. Take a note of the API server configuration when upgrading / downgr


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl auth can-i create deployments --namespace dev

Response: This bash code Authorization | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl auth can-i create deployments --namespace prod

Response: This shell code Authorization | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl auth can-i list secrets --namespace dev --as dave

Response: This bash code Authorization | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl auth can-i list pods \
    --namespace target \
    --as system:serviceaccount:dev:dev-sa

Response: This bash code Authorization | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Complete this bash code:

kubectl create -f - -o yaml << EOF
apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: SelfSubjectAccessReview
spec:
  resourceAttributes:

Response:
    group: apps
    resource: deployments
    verb: create
    namespace: dev
EOF


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl create -f - -o yaml << EOF
apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: SelfSubjectAccessReview
spec:
  resourceAttributes:
    group: apps
    resource: deployments
    verb: create
    namespace: dev
EOF

Response: This bash code Authorization | The generated SelfSubjectAccessReview is similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: SelfSubjectAccessReview
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
spec:
  resourceAttributes:

Response:
    group: apps
    resource: deployments
    namespace: dev
    verb: create
status:
  allowed: true
  denied: false

Context: Authorization |


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: SelfSubjectAccessReview
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
spec:
  resourceAttributes:
    group: apps
    resource: deployments
    namespace: dev
    verb: create
status:
  allowed: true
  denied: false

Response: This yaml code Authorization |

Context: Authorization |


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

---
#
# DO NOT USE THE CONFIG AS IS. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE.
#
apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationConfiguration
authorizers:
  - type: Webhook
    # Name used to describe the authorizer
    # This is explicitly used in monitoring machinery for metrics
    # Note:
    #   - Validation for this field is similar to how K8s labels are validated today.
    # Required, with no default
    name: webhook
    webhook:
      # The duration to cache 'authorized' responses from the webhook
      # authorizer.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl` flag
      # Default: 5m0s
      authorizedTTL: 30s
      # If set to false, 'authorized' responses from the webhook are not cached
      # and the specified authorizedTTL is ignored/has no effect.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl` flag to `0`.
      # Note: Setting authorizedTTL to `0` results in its default value being used.
      # Default: true
      cacheAuthorizedRequests: true
      # The duration to cache 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook
      # authorizer.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-unauthorized-ttl` flag
      # Default: 30s
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      # If set to false, 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook are not cached
      # and the specified unauthorizedTTL is ignored/has no effect.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-unauthorized-ttl` flag to `0`.
      # Note: Setting unauthorizedTTL to `0` results in its default value being used.
      # Default: true
      cacheUnauthorizedRequests: true
      # Timeout for the webhook request
      # Maximum allowed is 30s.
      # Required, with no default.
      timeout: 3s
      # The API version of the authorization.k8s.io SubjectAccessReview to
      # send to and expect from the webhook.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-version` flag
      # Required, with no default
      # Valid values: v1beta1, v1
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      # MatchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion specifies the SubjectAccessReview
      # version the CEL expressions are evaluated against
      # Valid values: v1
      # Required, no default value
      matchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      # Controls the authorization decision when a webhook request fails to
      # complete or returns a malformed response or errors evaluating
      # matchConditions.

Response:
      # Valid values:
      #   - NoOpinion: continue to subsequent authorizers to see if one of
      #     them allows the request
      #   - Deny: reject the request without consulting subsequent authorizers
      # Required, with no default.
      failurePolicy: Deny
      connectionInfo:
        # Controls how the webhook should communicate with the server.
        # Valid values:
        # - KubeConfigFile: use the file specified in kubeConfigFile to locate the
        #   server.
        # - InClusterConfig: use the in-cluster configuration to call the
        #   SubjectAccessReview API hosted by kube-apiserver. This mode is not
        #   allowed for kube-apiserver.
        type: KubeConfigFile
        # Path to KubeConfigFile for connection info
        # Required, if connectionInfo.Type is KubeConfigFile
        kubeConfigFile: /kube-system-authz-webhook.yaml
        # matchConditions is a list of conditions that must be met for a request to be sent to this
        # webhook. An empty list of matchConditions matches all requests.
        # There are a maximum of 64 match conditions allowed.
        #
        # The exact matching logic is (in order):
        #   1. If at least one matchCondition evaluates to FALSE, then the webhook is skipped.
        #   2. If ALL matchConditions evaluate to TRUE, then the webhook is called.
        #   3. If at least one matchCondition evaluates to an error (but none are FALSE):
        #      - If failurePolicy=Deny, then the webhook rejects the request
        #      - If failurePolicy=NoOpinion, then the error is ignored and the webhook is skipped
      matchConditions:
      # expression represents the expression which will be evaluated by CEL. Must evaluate to bool.
      # CEL expressions have access to the contents of the SubjectAccessReview in v1 version.
      # If version specified by subjectAccessReviewVersion in the request variable is v1beta1,
      # the contents would be converted to the v1 version before evaluating the CEL expression.
      #
      # Documentation on CEL: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/using-api/cel/
      #
      # only send resource requests to the webhook
      - expression: has(request.resourceAttributes)
      # only intercept requests to kube-system
      - expression: request.resourceAttributes.namespace == 'kube-system'
      # don't intercept requests from kube-system service accounts
      - expression: "!('system:serviceaccounts:kube-system' in request.groups)"
  - type: Node
    name: node
  - type: RBAC
    name: rbac
  - type: Webhook
    name: in-cluster-authorizer
    webhook:
      authorizedTTL: 5m
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      timeout: 3s
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      failurePolicy: NoOpinion
      connectionInfo:
        type: InClusterConfig


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

---
#
# DO NOT USE THE CONFIG AS IS. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE.
#
apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationConfiguration
authorizers:
  - type: Webhook
    # Name used to describe the authorizer
    # This is explicitly used in monitoring machinery for metrics
    # Note:
    #   - Validation for this field is similar to how K8s labels are validated today.
    # Required, with no default
    name: webhook
    webhook:
      # The duration to cache 'authorized' responses from the webhook
      # authorizer.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl` flag
      # Default: 5m0s
      authorizedTTL: 30s
      # If set to false, 'authorized' responses from the webhook are not cached
      # and the specified authorizedTTL is ignored/has no effect.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl` flag to `0`.
      # Note: Setting authorizedTTL to `0` results in its default value being used.
      # Default: true
      cacheAuthorizedRequests: true
      # The duration to cache 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook
      # authorizer.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-unauthorized-ttl` flag
      # Default: 30s
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      # If set to false, 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook are not cached
      # and the specified unauthorizedTTL is ignored/has no effect.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-unauthorized-ttl` flag to `0`.
      # Note: Setting unauthorizedTTL to `0` results in its default value being used.
      # Default: true
      cacheUnauthorizedRequests: true
      # Timeout for the webhook request
      # Maximum allowed is 30s.
      # Required, with no default.
      timeout: 3s
      # The API version of the authorization.k8s.io SubjectAccessReview to
      # send to and expect from the webhook.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-version` flag
      # Required, with no default
      # Valid values: v1beta1, v1
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      # MatchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion specifies the SubjectAccessReview
      # version the CEL expressions are evaluated against
      # Valid values: v1
      # Required, no default value
      matchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      # Controls the authorization decision when a webhook request fails to
      # complete or returns a malformed response or errors evaluating
      # matchConditions.
      # Valid values:
      #   - NoOpinion: continue to subsequent authorizers to see if one of
      #     them allows the request
      #   - Deny: reject the request without consulting subsequent authorizers
      # Required, with no default.
      failurePolicy: Deny
      connectionInfo:
        # Controls how the webhook should communicate with the server.
        # Valid values:
        # - KubeConfigFile: use the file specified in kubeConfigFile to locate the
        #   server.
        # - InClusterConfig: use the in-cluster configuration to call the
        #   SubjectAccessReview API hosted by kube-apiserver. This mode is not
        #   allowed for kube-apiserver.
        type: KubeConfigFile
        # Path to KubeConfigFile for connection info
        # Required, if connectionInfo.Type is KubeConfigFile
        kubeConfigFile: /kube-system-authz-webhook.yaml
        # matchConditions is a list of conditions that must be met for a request to be sent to this
        # webhook. An empty list of matchConditions matches all requests.
        # There are a maximum of 64 match conditions allowed.
        #
        # The exact matching logic is (in order):
        #   1. If at least one matchCondition evaluates to FALSE, then the webhook is skipped.
        #   2. If ALL matchConditions evaluate to TRUE, then the webhook is called.
        #   3. If at least one matchCondition evaluates to an error (but none are FALSE):
        #      - If failurePolicy=Deny, then the webhook rejects the request
        #      - If failurePolicy=NoOpinion, then the error is ignored and the webhook is skipped
      matchConditions:
      # expression represents the expression which will be evaluated by CEL. Must evaluate to bool.
      # CEL expressions have access to the contents of the SubjectAccessReview in v1 version.
      # If version specified by subjectAccessReviewVersion in the request variable is v1beta1,
      # the contents would be converted to the v1 version before evaluating the CEL expression.
      #
      # Documentation on CEL: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/using-api/cel/
      #
      # only send resource requests to the webhook
      - expression: has(request.resourceAttributes)
      # only intercept requests to kube-system
      - expression: request.resourceAttributes.namespace == 'kube-system'
      # don't intercept requests from kube-system service accounts
      - expression: "!('system:serviceaccounts:kube-system' in request.groups)"
  - type: Node
    name: node
  - type: RBAC
    name: rbac
  - type: Webhook
    name: in-cluster-authorizer
    webhook:
      authorizedTTL: 5m
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      timeout: 3s
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      failurePolicy: NoOpinion
      connectionInfo:
        type: InClusterConfig

Response: This yaml code Authorization | When configuring the authorizer chain using a configuration file, make sure all the control plane nodes have the same file contents. Take a note of the API server configuration when upgrading / downgr


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl auth can-i create deployments --namespace dev

Response: This bash code Authorization | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl auth can-i create deployments --namespace prod

Response: This bash code Authorization | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl auth can-i list secrets --namespace dev --as dave

Response: This bash code Authorization | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl auth can-i list pods \
    --namespace target \
    --as system:serviceaccount:dev:dev-sa

Response: This bash code Authorization | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

kubectl create -f - -o yaml << EOF
apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: SelfSubjectAccessReview
spec:
  resourceAttributes:

Response:
    group: apps
    resource: deployments
    verb: create
    namespace: dev
EOF


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

kubectl create -f - -o yaml << EOF
apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: SelfSubjectAccessReview
spec:
  resourceAttributes:
    group: apps
    resource: deployments
    verb: create
    namespace: dev
EOF

Response: This yaml code Authorization | The generated SelfSubjectAccessReview is similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: SelfSubjectAccessReview
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
spec:
  resourceAttributes:

Response:
    group: apps
    resource: deployments
    namespace: dev
    verb: create
status:
  allowed: true
  denied: false

Context: Authorization |


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: SelfSubjectAccessReview
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
spec:
  resourceAttributes:
    group: apps
    resource: deployments
    namespace: dev
    verb: create
status:
  allowed: true
  denied: false

Response: This yaml code Authorization |

Context: Authorization |


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl create deployment kubernetes-bootcamp --image=gcr.io/google-samples/kubernetes-bootcamp:v1

Response: This bash code 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | Great! You just deployed your first application by creating a deployment. This performed a few things for you:

Context: 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | Great! You just deployed your first application by creating a deployment. This performed a few things for you:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods -o go-template --template '{{range .items}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}')
echo Name of the Pod: $POD_NAME

Response: This text code 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | You can access the Pod through the proxied API, by running:

Context: 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | You can access the Pod through the proxied API, by running:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

curl http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/$POD_NAME:8080/proxy/

Response: This text code 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | In order for the new Deployment to be accessible without using the proxy, a Service is required which will be explained in Module 4.

Context: 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | In order for the new Deployment to be accessible without using the proxy, a Service is required which will be explained in Module 4.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export POD_NAME="$(kubectl get pods -o go-template --template '{{range .items}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}')"
echo Name of the Pod: $POD_NAME

Response: This text code 3.1 - Viewing Pods and Nodes | To see the output of our application, run a curl request:

Context: 3.1 - Viewing Pods and Nodes | To see the output of our application, run a curl request:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

curl http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/$POD_NAME:8080/proxy/

Response: This text code 3.1 - Viewing Pods and Nodes | The URL is the route to the API of the Pod.

Context: 3.1 - Viewing Pods and Nodes | The URL is the route to the API of the Pod.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl expose deployment/kubernetes-bootcamp --type="NodePort" --port 8080

Response: This bash code 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | We have now a running Service called kubernetes-bootcamp. Here we see that the Service received a unique cluster-IP, an internal port and an external-IP (the IP of the Node).

Context: 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | We have now a running Service called kubernetes-bootcamp. Here we see that the Service received a unique cluster-IP, an internal port and an external-IP (the IP of the Node).


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export NODE_PORT="$(kubectl get services/kubernetes-bootcamp -o go-template='{{(index .spec.ports 0).nodePort}}')"
echo "NODE_PORT=$NODE_PORT"

Response: This text code 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | Now we can test that the app is exposed outside of the cluster using curl, the IP address of the Node and the externally exposed port:

Context: 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | Now we can test that the app is exposed outside of the cluster using curl, the IP address of the Node and the externally exposed port:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

http://127.0.0.1:51082
!  Because you are using a Docker driver on darwin, the terminal needs to be open to run it.

Response: This text code 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | Then use the given URL to access the app:

Context: 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | Then use the given URL to access the app:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export POD_NAME="$(kubectl get pods -o go-template --template '{{range .items}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}')"
echo "Name of the Pod: $POD_NAME"

Response: This text code 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | To apply a new label we use the label subcommand followed by the object type, object name and the new label:

Context: 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | To apply a new label we use the label subcommand followed by the object type, object name and the new label:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl exec -ti $POD_NAME -- curl http://localhost:8080

Response: This bash code 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | We see here that the application is up. This is because the Deployment is managing the application. To shut down the application, you would need to delete the Deployment as well.

Context: 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | We see here that the application is up. This is because the Deployment is managing the application. To shut down the application, you would need to delete the Deployment as well.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl expose deployment/kubernetes-bootcamp --type="LoadBalancer" --port 8080

Response: This bash code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Scaling out a Deployment will ensure new Pods are created and scheduled to Nodes with available resources. Scaling will increase the number of Pods to the new desired state. Kubernetes also supports a

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Scaling out a Deployment will ensure new Pods are created and scheduled to Nodes with available resources. Scaling will increase the number of Pods to the new desired state. Kubernetes also supports a


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                  READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
kubernetes-bootcamp   1/1     1            1           11m

Response: This text code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | We should have 1 Pod. If not, run the command again. This shows:

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | We should have 1 Pod. If not, run the command again. This shows:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl scale deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp --replicas=4

Response: This bash code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | To list your Deployments once again, use get deployments:

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | To list your Deployments once again, use get deployments:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export NODE_PORT="$(kubectl get services/kubernetes-bootcamp -o go-template='{{(index .spec.ports 0).nodePort}}')"
echo NODE_PORT=$NODE_PORT

Response: This text code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Next, we’ll do a curl to the exposed IP address and port. Execute the command multiple times:

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Next, we’ll do a curl to the exposed IP address and port. Execute the command multiple times:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-wp67j | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-hs9dj | v=1

Response:
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-4hjvf | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-wp67j | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-4hjvf | v=1

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | If you're running minikube with Docker Desktop as the container driver, a minikube tunnel is needed. This is because containers inside Docker Desktop are isolated from your host computer.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-wp67j | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-hs9dj | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-4hjvf | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-wp67j | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-4hjvf | v=1

Response: This text code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | If you're running minikube with Docker Desktop as the container driver, a minikube tunnel is needed. This is because containers inside Docker Desktop are isolated from your host computer.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

http://127.0.0.1:51082
!  Because you are using a Docker driver on darwin, the terminal needs to be open to run it.

Response: This text code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Then use the given URL to access the app:

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Then use the given URL to access the app:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl scale deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp --replicas=2

Response: This bash code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | List the Deployments to check if the change was applied with the get deployments subcommand:

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | List the Deployments to check if the change was applied with the get deployments subcommand:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl set image deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp kubernetes-bootcamp=docker.io/jocatalin/kubernetes-bootcamp:v2

Response: This bash code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | The command notified the Deployment to use a different image for your app and initiated a rolling update. Check the status of the new Pods, and view the old one terminating with the get pods subcomman

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | The command notified the Deployment to use a different image for your app and initiated a rolling update. Check the status of the new Pods, and view the old one terminating with the get pods subcomman


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl expose deployment/kubernetes-bootcamp --type="NodePort" --port 8080

Response: This bash code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Create an environment variable called NODE_PORT that has the value of the Node port assigned:

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Create an environment variable called NODE_PORT that has the value of the Node port assigned:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export NODE_PORT="$(kubectl get services/kubernetes-bootcamp -o go-template='{{(index .spec.ports 0).nodePort}}')"
echo "NODE_PORT=$NODE_PORT"

Response: This text code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Next, do a curl to the exposed IP and port:

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Next, do a curl to the exposed IP and port:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl rollout status deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp

Response: This bash code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | To view the current image version of the app, run the describe pods subcommand:

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | To view the current image version of the app, run the describe pods subcommand:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl set image deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp kubernetes-bootcamp=gcr.io/google-samples/kubernetes-bootcamp:v10

Response: This bash code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Use get deployments to see the status of the deployment:

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Use get deployments to see the status of the deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl rollout undo deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp

Response: This bash code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | The rollout undo command reverts the deployment to the previous known state (v2 of the image). Updates are versioned and you can revert to any previously known state of a Deployment.

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | The rollout undo command reverts the deployment to the previous known state (v2 of the image). Updates are versioned and you can revert to any previously known state of a Deployment.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl delete deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp services/kubernetes-bootcamp

Response: This bash code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | © 2025 The Kubernetes Authors | Documentation Distributed under CC BY 4.0

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | © 2025 The Kubernetes Authors | Documentation Distributed under CC BY 4.0


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl create deployment kubernetes-bootcamp --image=gcr.io/google-samples/kubernetes-bootcamp:v1

Response: This shell code 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | Great! You just deployed your first application by creating a deployment. This performed a few things for you:

Context: 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | Great! You just deployed your first application by creating a deployment. This performed a few things for you:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

export POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods -o go-template --template '{{range .items}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}')
echo Name of the Pod: $POD_NAME

Response: This shell code 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | You can access the Pod through the proxied API, by running:

Context: 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | You can access the Pod through the proxied API, by running:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

curl http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/$POD_NAME:8080/proxy/

Response: This shell code 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | In order for the new Deployment to be accessible without using the proxy, a Service is required which will be explained in Module 4.

Context: 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | In order for the new Deployment to be accessible without using the proxy, a Service is required which will be explained in Module 4.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

export POD_NAME="$(kubectl get pods -o go-template --template '{{range .items}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}')"
echo Name of the Pod: $POD_NAME

Response: This shell code 3.1 - Viewing Pods and Nodes | To see the output of our application, run a curl request:

Context: 3.1 - Viewing Pods and Nodes | To see the output of our application, run a curl request:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

curl http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/$POD_NAME:8080/proxy/

Response: This shell code 3.1 - Viewing Pods and Nodes | The URL is the route to the API of the Pod.

Context: 3.1 - Viewing Pods and Nodes | The URL is the route to the API of the Pod.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl expose deployment/kubernetes-bootcamp --type="NodePort" --port 8080

Response: This shell code 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | We have now a running Service called kubernetes-bootcamp. Here we see that the Service received a unique cluster-IP, an internal port and an external-IP (the IP of the Node).

Context: 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | We have now a running Service called kubernetes-bootcamp. Here we see that the Service received a unique cluster-IP, an internal port and an external-IP (the IP of the Node).


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

export NODE_PORT="$(kubectl get services/kubernetes-bootcamp -o go-template='{{(index .spec.ports 0).nodePort}}')"
echo "NODE_PORT=$NODE_PORT"

Response: This shell code 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | Now we can test that the app is exposed outside of the cluster using curl, the IP address of the Node and the externally exposed port:

Context: 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | Now we can test that the app is exposed outside of the cluster using curl, the IP address of the Node and the externally exposed port:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

http://127.0.0.1:51082
!  Because you are using a Docker driver on darwin, the terminal needs to be open to run it.

Response: This text code 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | Then use the given URL to access the app:

Context: 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | Then use the given URL to access the app:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

export POD_NAME="$(kubectl get pods -o go-template --template '{{range .items}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}')"
echo "Name of the Pod: $POD_NAME"

Response: This shell code 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | To apply a new label we use the label subcommand followed by the object type, object name and the new label:

Context: 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | To apply a new label we use the label subcommand followed by the object type, object name and the new label:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl exec -ti $POD_NAME -- curl http://localhost:8080

Response: This shell code 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | We see here that the application is up. This is because the Deployment is managing the application. To shut down the application, you would need to delete the Deployment as well.

Context: 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | We see here that the application is up. This is because the Deployment is managing the application. To shut down the application, you would need to delete the Deployment as well.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl expose deployment/kubernetes-bootcamp --type="LoadBalancer" --port 8080

Response: This shell code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Scaling out a Deployment will ensure new Pods are created and scheduled to Nodes with available resources. Scaling will increase the number of Pods to the new desired state. Kubernetes also supports a

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Scaling out a Deployment will ensure new Pods are created and scheduled to Nodes with available resources. Scaling will increase the number of Pods to the new desired state. Kubernetes also supports a


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                  READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
kubernetes-bootcamp   1/1     1            1           11m

Response: This text code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | We should have 1 Pod. If not, run the command again. This shows:

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | We should have 1 Pod. If not, run the command again. This shows:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl scale deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp --replicas=4

Response: This shell code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | To list your Deployments once again, use get deployments:

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | To list your Deployments once again, use get deployments:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

export NODE_PORT="$(kubectl get services/kubernetes-bootcamp -o go-template='{{(index .spec.ports 0).nodePort}}')"
echo NODE_PORT=$NODE_PORT

Response: This shell code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Next, we’ll do a curl to the exposed IP address and port. Execute the command multiple times:

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Next, we’ll do a curl to the exposed IP address and port. Execute the command multiple times:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-wp67j | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-hs9dj | v=1

Response:
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-4hjvf | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-wp67j | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-4hjvf | v=1

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | If you're running minikube with Docker Desktop as the container driver, a minikube tunnel is needed. This is because containers inside Docker Desktop are isolated from your host computer.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-wp67j | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-hs9dj | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-4hjvf | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-wp67j | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-4hjvf | v=1

Response: This text code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | If you're running minikube with Docker Desktop as the container driver, a minikube tunnel is needed. This is because containers inside Docker Desktop are isolated from your host computer.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

http://127.0.0.1:51082
!  Because you are using a Docker driver on darwin, the terminal needs to be open to run it.

Response: This text code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Then use the given URL to access the app:

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Then use the given URL to access the app:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl scale deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp --replicas=2

Response: This shell code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | List the Deployments to check if the change was applied with the get deployments subcommand:

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | List the Deployments to check if the change was applied with the get deployments subcommand:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl set image deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp kubernetes-bootcamp=docker.io/jocatalin/kubernetes-bootcamp:v2

Response: This shell code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | The command notified the Deployment to use a different image for your app and initiated a rolling update. Check the status of the new Pods, and view the old one terminating with the get pods subcomman

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | The command notified the Deployment to use a different image for your app and initiated a rolling update. Check the status of the new Pods, and view the old one terminating with the get pods subcomman


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl expose deployment/kubernetes-bootcamp --type="NodePort" --port 8080

Response: This shell code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Create an environment variable called NODE_PORT that has the value of the Node port assigned:

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Create an environment variable called NODE_PORT that has the value of the Node port assigned:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

export NODE_PORT="$(kubectl get services/kubernetes-bootcamp -o go-template='{{(index .spec.ports 0).nodePort}}')"
echo "NODE_PORT=$NODE_PORT"

Response: This shell code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Next, do a curl to the exposed IP and port:

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Next, do a curl to the exposed IP and port:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl rollout status deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp

Response: This shell code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | To view the current image version of the app, run the describe pods subcommand:

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | To view the current image version of the app, run the describe pods subcommand:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl set image deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp kubernetes-bootcamp=gcr.io/google-samples/kubernetes-bootcamp:v10

Response: This shell code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Use get deployments to see the status of the deployment:

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Use get deployments to see the status of the deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl rollout undo deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp

Response: This shell code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | The rollout undo command reverts the deployment to the previous known state (v2 of the image). Updates are versioned and you can revert to any previously known state of a Deployment.

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | The rollout undo command reverts the deployment to the previous known state (v2 of the image). Updates are versioned and you can revert to any previously known state of a Deployment.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl delete deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp services/kubernetes-bootcamp

Response: This shell code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | © 2025 The Kubernetes Authors | Documentation Distributed under CC BY 4.0

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | © 2025 The Kubernetes Authors | Documentation Distributed under CC BY 4.0


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl create deployment kubernetes-bootcamp --image=gcr.io/google-samples/kubernetes-bootcamp:v1

Response: This bash code 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | Great! You just deployed your first application by creating a deployment. This performed a few things for you:

Context: 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | Great! You just deployed your first application by creating a deployment. This performed a few things for you:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods -o go-template --template '{{range .items}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}')
echo Name of the Pod: $POD_NAME

Response: This text code 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | You can access the Pod through the proxied API, by running:

Context: 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | You can access the Pod through the proxied API, by running:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

curl http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/$POD_NAME:8080/proxy/

Response: This text code 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | In order for the new Deployment to be accessible without using the proxy, a Service is required which will be explained in Module 4.

Context: 2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | In order for the new Deployment to be accessible without using the proxy, a Service is required which will be explained in Module 4.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export POD_NAME="$(kubectl get pods -o go-template --template '{{range .items}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}')"
echo Name of the Pod: $POD_NAME

Response: This text code 3.1 - Viewing Pods and Nodes | To see the output of our application, run a curl request:

Context: 3.1 - Viewing Pods and Nodes | To see the output of our application, run a curl request:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

curl http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/$POD_NAME:8080/proxy/

Response: This text code 3.1 - Viewing Pods and Nodes | The URL is the route to the API of the Pod.

Context: 3.1 - Viewing Pods and Nodes | The URL is the route to the API of the Pod.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl expose deployment/kubernetes-bootcamp --type="NodePort" --port 8080

Response: This bash code 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | We have now a running Service called kubernetes-bootcamp. Here we see that the Service received a unique cluster-IP, an internal port and an external-IP (the IP of the Node).

Context: 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | We have now a running Service called kubernetes-bootcamp. Here we see that the Service received a unique cluster-IP, an internal port and an external-IP (the IP of the Node).


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export NODE_PORT="$(kubectl get services/kubernetes-bootcamp -o go-template='{{(index .spec.ports 0).nodePort}}')"
echo "NODE_PORT=$NODE_PORT"

Response: This text code 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | Now we can test that the app is exposed outside of the cluster using curl, the IP address of the Node and the externally exposed port:

Context: 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | Now we can test that the app is exposed outside of the cluster using curl, the IP address of the Node and the externally exposed port:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export POD_NAME="$(kubectl get pods -o go-template --template '{{range .items}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}')"
echo "Name of the Pod: $POD_NAME"

Response: This text code 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | To apply a new label we use the label subcommand followed by the object type, object name and the new label:

Context: 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | To apply a new label we use the label subcommand followed by the object type, object name and the new label:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl exec -ti $POD_NAME -- curl http://localhost:8080

Response: This bash code 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | We see here that the application is up. This is because the Deployment is managing the application. To shut down the application, you would need to delete the Deployment as well.

Context: 4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | We see here that the application is up. This is because the Deployment is managing the application. To shut down the application, you would need to delete the Deployment as well.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl expose deployment/kubernetes-bootcamp --type="LoadBalancer" --port 8080

Response: This bash code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Scaling out a Deployment will ensure new Pods are created and scheduled to Nodes with available resources. Scaling will increase the number of Pods to the new desired state. Kubernetes also supports a

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Scaling out a Deployment will ensure new Pods are created and scheduled to Nodes with available resources. Scaling will increase the number of Pods to the new desired state. Kubernetes also supports a


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl scale deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp --replicas=4

Response: This bash code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | To list your Deployments once again, use get deployments:

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | To list your Deployments once again, use get deployments:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export NODE_PORT="$(kubectl get services/kubernetes-bootcamp -o go-template='{{(index .spec.ports 0).nodePort}}')"
echo NODE_PORT=$NODE_PORT

Response: This text code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Next, we’ll do a curl to the exposed IP address and port. Execute the command multiple times:

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Next, we’ll do a curl to the exposed IP address and port. Execute the command multiple times:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl scale deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp --replicas=2

Response: This bash code 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | List the Deployments to check if the change was applied with the get deployments subcommand:

Context: 5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | List the Deployments to check if the change was applied with the get deployments subcommand:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl set image deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp kubernetes-bootcamp=docker.io/jocatalin/kubernetes-bootcamp:v2

Response: This bash code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | The command notified the Deployment to use a different image for your app and initiated a rolling update. Check the status of the new Pods, and view the old one terminating with the get pods subcomman

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | The command notified the Deployment to use a different image for your app and initiated a rolling update. Check the status of the new Pods, and view the old one terminating with the get pods subcomman


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl expose deployment/kubernetes-bootcamp --type="NodePort" --port 8080

Response: This bash code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Create an environment variable called NODE_PORT that has the value of the Node port assigned:

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Create an environment variable called NODE_PORT that has the value of the Node port assigned:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export NODE_PORT="$(kubectl get services/kubernetes-bootcamp -o go-template='{{(index .spec.ports 0).nodePort}}')"
echo "NODE_PORT=$NODE_PORT"

Response: This text code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Next, do a curl to the exposed IP and port:

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Next, do a curl to the exposed IP and port:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl rollout status deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp

Response: This bash code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | To view the current image version of the app, run the describe pods subcommand:

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | To view the current image version of the app, run the describe pods subcommand:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl set image deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp kubernetes-bootcamp=gcr.io/google-samples/kubernetes-bootcamp:v10

Response: This bash code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Use get deployments to see the status of the deployment:

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Use get deployments to see the status of the deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl rollout undo deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp

Response: This bash code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | The rollout undo command reverts the deployment to the previous known state (v2 of the image). Updates are versioned and you can revert to any previously known state of a Deployment.

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | The rollout undo command reverts the deployment to the previous known state (v2 of the image). Updates are versioned and you can revert to any previously known state of a Deployment.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl delete deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp services/kubernetes-bootcamp

Response: This bash code 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | © 2025 The Kubernetes Authors | Documentation Distributed under CC BY 4.0

Context: 6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | © 2025 The Kubernetes Authors | Documentation Distributed under CC BY 4.0


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Start a new terminal, and leave this running.
minikube dashboard

Response: This text code 1 - Hello Minikube | Now, switch back to the terminal where you ran minikube start.

Context: 1 - Hello Minikube | Now, switch back to the terminal where you ran minikube start.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Start a new terminal, and leave this running.
minikube dashboard --url

Response: This text code 1 - Hello Minikube | Now, you can use this URL and switch back to the terminal where you ran minikube start.

Context: 1 - Hello Minikube | Now, you can use this URL and switch back to the terminal where you ran minikube start.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Run a test container image that includes a webserver
kubectl create deployment hello-node --image=registry.k8s.io/e2e-test-images/agnhost:2.53 -- /agnhost netexec --http-port=8080

Response: This text code 1 - Hello Minikube | View the Deployment:

Context: 1 - Hello Minikube | View the Deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME         READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
hello-node   1/1     1            1           1m

Response: This text code 1 - Hello Minikube | (It may take some time for the pod to become available. If you see "0/1", try again in a few seconds.)

Context: 1 - Hello Minikube | (It may take some time for the pod to become available. If you see "0/1", try again in a few seconds.)


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                          READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
hello-node-5f76cf6ccf-br9b5   1/1       Running   0          1m

Response: This text code 1 - Hello Minikube | View cluster events:

Context: 1 - Hello Minikube | View cluster events:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

I0911 09:19:26.677397       1 log.go:195] Started HTTP server on port 8080
I0911 09:19:26.677586       1 log.go:195] Started UDP server on port  8081

Response: This text code 1 - Hello Minikube | By default, the Pod is only accessible by its internal IP address within the Kubernetes cluster. To make the hello-node Container accessible from outside the Kubernetes virtual network, you have to ex

Context: 1 - Hello Minikube | By default, the Pod is only accessible by its internal IP address within the Kubernetes cluster. To make the hello-node Container accessible from outside the Kubernetes virtual network, you have to ex


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl expose deployment hello-node --type=LoadBalancer --port=8080

Response: This bash code 1 - Hello Minikube | The --type=LoadBalancer flag indicates that you want to expose your Service outside of the cluster.

Context: 1 - Hello Minikube | The --type=LoadBalancer flag indicates that you want to expose your Service outside of the cluster.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME         TYPE           CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)          AGE
hello-node   LoadBalancer   10.108.144.78   <pending>     8080:30369/TCP   21s
kubernetes   ClusterIP      10.96.0.1       <none>        443/TCP          23m

Response: This text code 1 - Hello Minikube | On cloud providers that support load balancers, an external IP address would be provisioned to access the Service. On minikube, the LoadBalancer type makes the Service accessible through the minikube

Context: 1 - Hello Minikube | On cloud providers that support load balancers, an external IP address would be provisioned to access the Service. On minikube, the LoadBalancer type makes the Service accessible through the minikube


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

addon-manager: enabled
dashboard: enabled
default-storageclass: enabled
efk: disabled
freshpod: disabled
gvisor: disabled
helm-tiller: disabled
ingress: disabled

Response:
ingress-dns: disabled
logviewer: disabled
metrics-server: disabled
nvidia-driver-installer: disabled
nvidia-gpu-device-plugin: disabled
registry: disabled
registry-creds: disabled
storage-provisioner: enabled
storage-provisioner-gluster: disabled

Context: 1 - Hello Minikube | Enable an addon, for example, metrics-server:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

addon-manager: enabled
dashboard: enabled
default-storageclass: enabled
efk: disabled
freshpod: disabled
gvisor: disabled
helm-tiller: disabled
ingress: disabled
ingress-dns: disabled
logviewer: disabled
metrics-server: disabled
nvidia-driver-installer: disabled
nvidia-gpu-device-plugin: disabled
registry: disabled
registry-creds: disabled
storage-provisioner: enabled
storage-provisioner-gluster: disabled

Response: This text code 1 - Hello Minikube | Enable an addon, for example, metrics-server:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME                                        READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/coredns-5644d7b6d9-mh9ll                1/1       Running   0          34m
pod/coredns-5644d7b6d9-pqd2t                1/1       Running   0          34m
pod/metrics-server-67fb648c5                1/1       Running   0          26s
pod/etcd-minikube                           1/1       Running   0          34m
pod/influxdb-grafana-b29w8                  2/2       Running   0          26s
pod/kube-addon-manager-minikube             1/1       Running   0          34m
pod/kube-apiserver-minikube                 1/1       Running   0          34m
pod/kube-controller-manager-minikube        1/1       Running   0          34m

Response:
pod/kube-proxy-rnlps                        1/1       Running   0          34m
pod/kube-scheduler-minikube                 1/1       Running   0          34m
pod/storage-provisioner                     1/1       Running   0          34m

NAME                           TYPE        CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)             AGE
service/metrics-server         ClusterIP   10.96.241.45    <none>        80/TCP              26s
service/kube-dns               ClusterIP   10.96.0.10      <none>        53/UDP,53/TCP       34m
service/monitoring-grafana     NodePort    10.99.24.54     <none>        80:30002/TCP        26s
service/monitoring-influxdb    ClusterIP   10.111.169.94   <none>        8083/TCP,8086/TCP   26s

Context: 1 - Hello Minikube | Check the output from metrics-server:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                                        READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/coredns-5644d7b6d9-mh9ll                1/1       Running   0          34m
pod/coredns-5644d7b6d9-pqd2t                1/1       Running   0          34m
pod/metrics-server-67fb648c5                1/1       Running   0          26s
pod/etcd-minikube                           1/1       Running   0          34m
pod/influxdb-grafana-b29w8                  2/2       Running   0          26s
pod/kube-addon-manager-minikube             1/1       Running   0          34m
pod/kube-apiserver-minikube                 1/1       Running   0          34m
pod/kube-controller-manager-minikube        1/1       Running   0          34m
pod/kube-proxy-rnlps                        1/1       Running   0          34m
pod/kube-scheduler-minikube                 1/1       Running   0          34m
pod/storage-provisioner                     1/1       Running   0          34m

NAME                           TYPE        CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)             AGE
service/metrics-server         ClusterIP   10.96.241.45    <none>        80/TCP              26s
service/kube-dns               ClusterIP   10.96.0.10      <none>        53/UDP,53/TCP       34m
service/monitoring-grafana     NodePort    10.99.24.54     <none>        80:30002/TCP        26s
service/monitoring-influxdb    ClusterIP   10.111.169.94   <none>        8083/TCP,8086/TCP   26s

Response: This text code 1 - Hello Minikube | Check the output from metrics-server:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                         CPU(cores)   MEMORY(bytes)
hello-node-ccf4b9788-4jn97   1m           6Mi

Response: This text code 1 - Hello Minikube | If you see the following message, wait, and try again:

Context: 1 - Hello Minikube | If you see the following message, wait, and try again:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl delete service hello-node
kubectl delete deployment hello-node

Response: This bash code 1 - Hello Minikube | Stop the Minikube cluster

Context: 1 - Hello Minikube | Stop the Minikube cluster


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl create deployment kubernetes-bootcamp --image=gcr.io/google-samples/kubernetes-bootcamp:v1

Response: This bash code 2.2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | Great! You just deployed your first application by creating a deployment. This performed a few things for you:

Context: 2.2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | Great! You just deployed your first application by creating a deployment. This performed a few things for you:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods -o go-template --template '{{range .items}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}')
echo Name of the Pod: $POD_NAME

Response: This text code 2.2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | You can access the Pod through the proxied API, by running:

Context: 2.2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | You can access the Pod through the proxied API, by running:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

curl http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/$POD_NAME:8080/proxy/

Response: This text code 2.2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | In order for the new Deployment to be accessible without using the proxy, a Service is required which will be explained in Module 4.

Context: 2.2.1 - Using kubectl to Create a Deployment | In order for the new Deployment to be accessible without using the proxy, a Service is required which will be explained in Module 4.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export POD_NAME="$(kubectl get pods -o go-template --template '{{range .items}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}')"
echo Name of the Pod: $POD_NAME

Response: This text code 2.3.1 - Viewing Pods and Nodes | To see the output of our application, run a curl request:

Context: 2.3.1 - Viewing Pods and Nodes | To see the output of our application, run a curl request:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

curl http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/$POD_NAME:8080/proxy/

Response: This text code 2.3.1 - Viewing Pods and Nodes | The URL is the route to the API of the Pod.

Context: 2.3.1 - Viewing Pods and Nodes | The URL is the route to the API of the Pod.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl expose deployment/kubernetes-bootcamp --type="NodePort" --port 8080

Response: This bash code 2.4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | We have now a running Service called kubernetes-bootcamp. Here we see that the Service received a unique cluster-IP, an internal port and an external-IP (the IP of the Node).

Context: 2.4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | We have now a running Service called kubernetes-bootcamp. Here we see that the Service received a unique cluster-IP, an internal port and an external-IP (the IP of the Node).


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export NODE_PORT="$(kubectl get services/kubernetes-bootcamp -o go-template='{{(index .spec.ports 0).nodePort}}')"
echo "NODE_PORT=$NODE_PORT"

Response: This text code 2.4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | Now we can test that the app is exposed outside of the cluster using curl, the IP address of the Node and the externally exposed port:

Context: 2.4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | Now we can test that the app is exposed outside of the cluster using curl, the IP address of the Node and the externally exposed port:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

http://127.0.0.1:51082
!  Because you are using a Docker driver on darwin, the terminal needs to be open to run it.

Response: This text code 2.4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | Then use the given URL to access the app:

Context: 2.4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | Then use the given URL to access the app:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export POD_NAME="$(kubectl get pods -o go-template --template '{{range .items}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}')"
echo "Name of the Pod: $POD_NAME"

Response: This text code 2.4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | To apply a new label we use the label subcommand followed by the object type, object name and the new label:

Context: 2.4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | To apply a new label we use the label subcommand followed by the object type, object name and the new label:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl exec -ti $POD_NAME -- curl http://localhost:8080

Response: This bash code 2.4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | We see here that the application is up. This is because the Deployment is managing the application. To shut down the application, you would need to delete the Deployment as well.

Context: 2.4.1 - Using a Service to Expose Your App | We see here that the application is up. This is because the Deployment is managing the application. To shut down the application, you would need to delete the Deployment as well.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl expose deployment/kubernetes-bootcamp --type="LoadBalancer" --port 8080

Response: This bash code 2.5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Scaling out a Deployment will ensure new Pods are created and scheduled to Nodes with available resources. Scaling will increase the number of Pods to the new desired state. Kubernetes also supports a

Context: 2.5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Scaling out a Deployment will ensure new Pods are created and scheduled to Nodes with available resources. Scaling will increase the number of Pods to the new desired state. Kubernetes also supports a


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                  READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
kubernetes-bootcamp   1/1     1            1           11m

Response: This text code 2.5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | We should have 1 Pod. If not, run the command again. This shows:

Context: 2.5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | We should have 1 Pod. If not, run the command again. This shows:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl scale deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp --replicas=4

Response: This bash code 2.5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | To list your Deployments once again, use get deployments:

Context: 2.5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | To list your Deployments once again, use get deployments:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export NODE_PORT="$(kubectl get services/kubernetes-bootcamp -o go-template='{{(index .spec.ports 0).nodePort}}')"
echo NODE_PORT=$NODE_PORT

Response: This text code 2.5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Next, we’ll do a curl to the exposed IP address and port. Execute the command multiple times:

Context: 2.5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Next, we’ll do a curl to the exposed IP address and port. Execute the command multiple times:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-wp67j | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-hs9dj | v=1

Response:
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-4hjvf | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-wp67j | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-4hjvf | v=1

Context: 2.5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | If you're running minikube with Docker Desktop as the container driver, a minikube tunnel is needed. This is because containers inside Docker Desktop are isolated from your host computer.