Prompt:
Explain this html code:

<title>http://info.cern.ch</title>

http://info.cern.ch - home of the first website

  ...

Browse the first website

  ...

Response: This html code Configure Pod Initialization |

Context: Configure Pod Initialization |


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

pods/init-containers.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: init-demo
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
    volumeMounts:
    - name: workdir
      mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
  # These containers are run during pod initialization

Response:
  initContainers:
  - name: install
    image: busybox:1.28
    command:
    - wget
    - "-O"
    - "/work-dir/index.html"
    - http://info.cern.ch
    volumeMounts:
    - name: workdir
      mountPath: "/work-dir"
  dnsPolicy: Default
  volumes:
  - name: workdir
    emptyDir: {}

Context: Configure Pod Initialization | In the configuration file, you can see that the Pod has a Volume that the init container and the application container share.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

pods/init-containers.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: init-demo
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
    volumeMounts:
    - name: workdir
      mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
  # These containers are run during pod initialization
  initContainers:
  - name: install
    image: busybox:1.28
    command:
    - wget
    - "-O"
    - "/work-dir/index.html"
    - http://info.cern.ch
    volumeMounts:
    - name: workdir
      mountPath: "/work-dir"
  dnsPolicy: Default
  volumes:
  - name: workdir
    emptyDir: {}

Response: This yaml code Configure Pod Initialization | In the configuration file, you can see that the Pod has a Volume that the init container and the application container share.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: init-demo
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
    volumeMounts:
    - name: workdir
      mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
  # These containers are run during pod initialization

Response:
  initContainers:
  - name: install
    image: busybox:1.28
    command:
    - wget
    - "-O"
    - "/work-dir/index.html"
    - http://info.cern.ch
    volumeMounts:
    - name: workdir
      mountPath: "/work-dir"
  dnsPolicy: Default
  volumes:
  - name: workdir
    emptyDir: {}


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: init-demo
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
    volumeMounts:
    - name: workdir
      mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
  # These containers are run during pod initialization
  initContainers:
  - name: install
    image: busybox:1.28
    command:
    - wget
    - "-O"
    - "/work-dir/index.html"
    - http://info.cern.ch
    volumeMounts:
    - name: workdir
      mountPath: "/work-dir"
  dnsPolicy: Default
  volumes:
  - name: workdir
    emptyDir: {}

Response: This yaml code Configure Pod Initialization | In the configuration file, you can see that the Pod has a Volume that the init container and the application container share.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/pods/init-containers.yaml

Response: This bash code Configure Pod Initialization | Verify that the nginx container is running:

Context: Configure Pod Initialization | Verify that the nginx container is running:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

<html><head></head><body><header>
<title>http://info.cern.ch</title>
</header>

Response:
http://info.cern.ch - home of the first website

  ...

Browse the first website

  ...

Context: Configure Pod Initialization |


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

<title>http://info.cern.ch</title>

http://info.cern.ch - home of the first website

  ...

Browse the first website

  ...

Response: This text code Configure Pod Initialization |

Context: Configure Pod Initialization |


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: AdmissionConfiguration
plugins:
- name: PodSecurity
  configuration:
    apiVersion: pod-security.admission.config.k8s.io/v1 # see compatibility note
    kind: PodSecurityConfiguration
    # Defaults applied when a mode label is not set.
    #
    # Level label values must be one of:
    # - "privileged" (default)
    # - "baseline"
    # - "restricted"
    #
    # Version label values must be one of:

Response:
    # - "latest" (default)
    # - specific version like "v1.34"
    defaults:
      enforce: "privileged"
      enforce-version: "latest"
      audit: "privileged"
      audit-version: "latest"
      warn: "privileged"
      warn-version: "latest"
    exemptions:
      # Array of authenticated usernames to exempt.
      usernames: []
      # Array of runtime class names to exempt.
      runtimeClasses: []
      # Array of namespaces to exempt.
      namespaces: []

Context: Enforce Pod Security Standards by Configuring the Built-in Admission Controller |


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: AdmissionConfiguration
plugins:
- name: PodSecurity
  configuration:
    apiVersion: pod-security.admission.config.k8s.io/v1 # see compatibility note
    kind: PodSecurityConfiguration
    # Defaults applied when a mode label is not set.
    #
    # Level label values must be one of:
    # - "privileged" (default)
    # - "baseline"
    # - "restricted"
    #
    # Version label values must be one of:
    # - "latest" (default)
    # - specific version like "v1.34"
    defaults:
      enforce: "privileged"
      enforce-version: "latest"
      audit: "privileged"
      audit-version: "latest"
      warn: "privileged"
      warn-version: "latest"
    exemptions:
      # Array of authenticated usernames to exempt.
      usernames: []
      # Array of runtime class names to exempt.
      runtimeClasses: []
      # Array of namespaces to exempt.
      namespaces: []

Response: This yaml code Enforce Pod Security Standards by Configuring the Built-in Admission Controller |


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: AdmissionConfiguration
plugins:
- name: PodSecurity
  configuration:
    apiVersion: pod-security.admission.config.k8s.io/v1 # see compatibility note
    kind: PodSecurityConfiguration
    # Defaults applied when a mode label is not set.
    #
    # Level label values must be one of:
    # - "privileged" (default)
    # - "baseline"
    # - "restricted"
    #
    # Version label values must be one of:

Response:
    # - "latest" (default)
    # - specific version like "v1.34"
    defaults:
      enforce: "privileged"
      enforce-version: "latest"
      audit: "privileged"
      audit-version: "latest"
      warn: "privileged"
      warn-version: "latest"
    exemptions:
      # Array of authenticated usernames to exempt.
      usernames: []
      # Array of runtime class names to exempt.
      runtimeClasses: []
      # Array of namespaces to exempt.
      namespaces: []


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: AdmissionConfiguration
plugins:
- name: PodSecurity
  configuration:
    apiVersion: pod-security.admission.config.k8s.io/v1 # see compatibility note
    kind: PodSecurityConfiguration
    # Defaults applied when a mode label is not set.
    #
    # Level label values must be one of:
    # - "privileged" (default)
    # - "baseline"
    # - "restricted"
    #
    # Version label values must be one of:
    # - "latest" (default)
    # - specific version like "v1.34"
    defaults:
      enforce: "privileged"
      enforce-version: "latest"
      audit: "privileged"
      audit-version: "latest"
      warn: "privileged"
      warn-version: "latest"
    exemptions:
      # Array of authenticated usernames to exempt.
      usernames: []
      # Array of runtime class names to exempt.
      runtimeClasses: []
      # Array of namespaces to exempt.
      namespaces: []

Response: This yaml code Enforce Pod Security Standards by Configuring the Built-in Admission Controller |


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: AdmissionConfiguration
plugins:
- name: PodSecurity
  configuration:
    apiVersion: pod-security.admission.config.k8s.io/v1 # see compatibility note
    kind: PodSecurityConfiguration
    # Defaults applied when a mode label is not set.
    #
    # Level label values must be one of:
    # - "privileged" (default)
    # - "baseline"
    # - "restricted"
    #
    # Version label values must be one of:

Response:
    # - "latest" (default)
    # - specific version like "v1.34"
    defaults:
      enforce: "privileged"
      enforce-version: "latest"
      audit: "privileged"
      audit-version: "latest"
      warn: "privileged"
      warn-version: "latest"
    exemptions:
      # Array of authenticated usernames to exempt.
      usernames: []
      # Array of runtime class names to exempt.
      runtimeClasses: []
      # Array of namespaces to exempt.
      namespaces: []


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: AdmissionConfiguration
plugins:
- name: PodSecurity
  configuration:
    apiVersion: pod-security.admission.config.k8s.io/v1 # see compatibility note
    kind: PodSecurityConfiguration
    # Defaults applied when a mode label is not set.
    #
    # Level label values must be one of:
    # - "privileged" (default)
    # - "baseline"
    # - "restricted"
    #
    # Version label values must be one of:
    # - "latest" (default)
    # - specific version like "v1.34"
    defaults:
      enforce: "privileged"
      enforce-version: "latest"
      audit: "privileged"
      audit-version: "latest"
      warn: "privileged"
      warn-version: "latest"
    exemptions:
      # Array of authenticated usernames to exempt.
      usernames: []
      # Array of runtime class names to exempt.
      runtimeClasses: []
      # Array of namespaces to exempt.
      namespaces: []

Response: This yaml code Enforce Pod Security Standards by Configuring the Built-in Admission Controller |


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:

Response:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - downwardAPI:
          items:
            - path: "labels"
              fieldRef:
                fieldPath: metadata.labels
            - path: "cpu_limit"
              resourceFieldRef:
                containerName: container-test
                resource: limits.cpu
      - configMap:
          name: myconfigmap
          items:
            - key: config
              path: my-group/my-config

Context: Projected Volumes | Each projected volume source is listed in the spec under sources. The parameters are nearly the same with two exceptions:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - downwardAPI:
          items:
            - path: "labels"
              fieldRef:
                fieldPath: metadata.labels
            - path: "cpu_limit"
              resourceFieldRef:
                containerName: container-test
                resource: limits.cpu
      - configMap:
          name: myconfigmap
          items:
            - key: config
              path: my-group/my-config

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | Each projected volume source is listed in the spec under sources. The parameters are nearly the same with two exceptions:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:

Response:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - secret:
          name: mysecret2
          items:
            - key: password
              path: my-group/my-password
              mode: 511


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - secret:
          name: mysecret2
          items:
            - key: password
              path: my-group/my-password
              mode: 511

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | Each projected volume source is listed in the spec under sources. The parameters are nearly the same with two exceptions:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sa-token-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: token-vol

Response:
      mountPath: "/service-account"
      readOnly: true
  serviceAccountName: default
  volumes:
  - name: token-vol
    projected:
      sources:
      - serviceAccountToken:
          audience: api
          expirationSeconds: 3600
          path: token

Context: Projected Volumes | The example Pod has a projected volume containing the injected service account token. Containers in this Pod can use that token to access the Kubernetes API server, authenticating with the identity of


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sa-token-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: token-vol
      mountPath: "/service-account"
      readOnly: true
  serviceAccountName: default
  volumes:
  - name: token-vol
    projected:
      sources:
      - serviceAccountToken:
          audience: api
          expirationSeconds: 3600
          path: token

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | The example Pod has a projected volume containing the injected service account token. Containers in this Pod can use that token to access the Kubernetes API server, authenticating with the identity of


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sa-ctb-name-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: token-vol
      mountPath: "/root-certificates"
      readOnly: true
  serviceAccountName: default

Response:
  volumes:
  - name: token-vol
    projected:
      sources:
      - clusterTrustBundle:
          name: example
          path: example-roots.pem
      - clusterTrustBundle:
          signerName: "example.com/mysigner"
          labelSelector:
            matchLabels:
              version: live
          path: mysigner-roots.pem
          optional: true

Context: Projected Volumes | The podCertificate projected volumes source securely provisions a private key and X.509 certificate chain for pod to use as client or server credentials. Kubelet will then handle refreshing the privat


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sa-ctb-name-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: token-vol
      mountPath: "/root-certificates"
      readOnly: true
  serviceAccountName: default
  volumes:
  - name: token-vol
    projected:
      sources:
      - clusterTrustBundle:
          name: example
          path: example-roots.pem
      - clusterTrustBundle:
          signerName: "example.com/mysigner"
          labelSelector:
            matchLabels:
              version: live
          path: mysigner-roots.pem
          optional: true

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | The podCertificate projected volumes source securely provisions a private key and X.509 certificate chain for pod to use as client or server credentials. Kubelet will then handle refreshing the privat


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

# Sample Pod spec that uses a podCertificate projection to request an ED25519
# private key, a certificate from the `coolcert.example.com/foo` signer, and
# write the results to `/var/run/my-x509-credentials/credentialbundle.pem`.
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  namespace: default
  name: podcertificate-pod
spec:
  serviceAccountName: default
  containers:
  - image: debian
    name: main

Response:
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: my-x509-credentials
      mountPath: /var/run/my-x509-credentials
  volumes:
  - name: my-x509-credentials
    projected:
      defaultMode: 420
      sources:
      - podCertificate:
          keyType: ED25519
          signerName: coolcert.example.com/foo
          credentialBundlePath: credentialbundle.pem

Context: Projected Volumes | The proposal for file permission handling in projected service account volume enhancement introduced the projected files having the correct owner permissions set.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

# Sample Pod spec that uses a podCertificate projection to request an ED25519
# private key, a certificate from the `coolcert.example.com/foo` signer, and
# write the results to `/var/run/my-x509-credentials/credentialbundle.pem`.
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  namespace: default
  name: podcertificate-pod
spec:
  serviceAccountName: default
  containers:
  - image: debian
    name: main
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: my-x509-credentials
      mountPath: /var/run/my-x509-credentials
  volumes:
  - name: my-x509-credentials
    projected:
      defaultMode: 420
      sources:
      - podCertificate:
          keyType: ED25519
          signerName: coolcert.example.com/foo
          credentialBundlePath: credentialbundle.pem

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | The proposal for file permission handling in projected service account volume enhancement introduced the projected files having the correct owner permissions set.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

PS C:\> Get-Acl C:\var\run\secrets\kubernetes.io\serviceaccount\..2021_08_31_22_22_18.318230061\ca.crt | Format-List

Path   : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem::C:\var\run\secrets\kubernetes.io\serviceaccount\..2021_08_31_22_22_18.318230061\ca.crt
Owner  : BUILTIN\Administrators
Group  : NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM

Response:
Access : NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM Allow  FullControl
         BUILTIN\Administrators Allow  FullControl
         BUILTIN\Users Allow  ReadAndExecute, Synchronize
Audit  :
Sddl   : O:BAG:SYD:AI(A;ID;FA;;;SY)(A;ID;FA;;;BA)(A;ID;0x1200a9;;;BU)

Context: Projected Volumes | This implies all administrator users like ContainerAdministrator will have read, write and execute access while, non-administrator users will have read and execute access.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

PS C:\> Get-Acl C:\var\run\secrets\kubernetes.io\serviceaccount\..2021_08_31_22_22_18.318230061\ca.crt | Format-List

Path   : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem::C:\var\run\secrets\kubernetes.io\serviceaccount\..2021_08_31_22_22_18.318230061\ca.crt
Owner  : BUILTIN\Administrators
Group  : NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
Access : NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM Allow  FullControl
         BUILTIN\Administrators Allow  FullControl
         BUILTIN\Users Allow  ReadAndExecute, Synchronize
Audit  :
Sddl   : O:BAG:SYD:AI(A;ID;FA;;;SY)(A;ID;FA;;;BA)(A;ID;0x1200a9;;;BU)

Response: This text code Projected Volumes | This implies all administrator users like ContainerAdministrator will have read, write and execute access while, non-administrator users will have read and execute access.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

pods/storage/projected-secret-downwardapi-configmap.yaml

Response: This text code Projected Volumes | Each projected volume source is listed in the spec under sources. The parameters are nearly the same with two exceptions:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:

Response:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - downwardAPI:
          items:
            - path: "labels"
              fieldRef:
                fieldPath: metadata.labels
            - path: "cpu_limit"
              resourceFieldRef:
                containerName: container-test
                resource: limits.cpu
      - configMap:
          name: myconfigmap
          items:
            - key: config
              path: my-group/my-config


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - downwardAPI:
          items:
            - path: "labels"
              fieldRef:
                fieldPath: metadata.labels
            - path: "cpu_limit"
              resourceFieldRef:
                containerName: container-test
                resource: limits.cpu
      - configMap:
          name: myconfigmap
          items:
            - key: config
              path: my-group/my-config

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | Each projected volume source is listed in the spec under sources. The parameters are nearly the same with two exceptions:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

pods/storage/projected-secrets-nondefault-permission-mode.yaml

Response: This text code Projected Volumes | Each projected volume source is listed in the spec under sources. The parameters are nearly the same with two exceptions:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:

Response:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - secret:
          name: mysecret2
          items:
            - key: password
              path: my-group/my-password
              mode: 511


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - secret:
          name: mysecret2
          items:
            - key: password
              path: my-group/my-password
              mode: 511

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | Each projected volume source is listed in the spec under sources. The parameters are nearly the same with two exceptions:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sa-token-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: token-vol

Response:
      mountPath: "/service-account"
      readOnly: true
  serviceAccountName: default
  volumes:
  - name: token-vol
    projected:
      sources:
      - serviceAccountToken:
          audience: api
          expirationSeconds: 3600
          path: token


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sa-token-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: token-vol
      mountPath: "/service-account"
      readOnly: true
  serviceAccountName: default
  volumes:
  - name: token-vol
    projected:
      sources:
      - serviceAccountToken:
          audience: api
          expirationSeconds: 3600
          path: token

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | The example Pod has a projected volume containing the injected service account token. Containers in this Pod can use that token to access the Kubernetes API server, authenticating with the identity of


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

--runtime-config=certificates.k8s.io/v1beta1/clustertrustbundles=true

Response: This text code Projected Volumes | The clusterTrustBundle projected volume source injects the contents of one or more ClusterTrustBundle objects as an automatically-updating file in the container filesystem.

Context: Projected Volumes | The clusterTrustBundle projected volume source injects the contents of one or more ClusterTrustBundle objects as an automatically-updating file in the container filesystem.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sa-ctb-name-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: token-vol
      mountPath: "/root-certificates"
      readOnly: true
  serviceAccountName: default

Response:
  volumes:
  - name: token-vol
    projected:
      sources:
      - clusterTrustBundle:
          name: example
          path: example-roots.pem
      - clusterTrustBundle:
          signerName: "example.com/mysigner"
          labelSelector:
            matchLabels:
              version: live
          path: mysigner-roots.pem
          optional: true


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sa-ctb-name-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: token-vol
      mountPath: "/root-certificates"
      readOnly: true
  serviceAccountName: default
  volumes:
  - name: token-vol
    projected:
      sources:
      - clusterTrustBundle:
          name: example
          path: example-roots.pem
      - clusterTrustBundle:
          signerName: "example.com/mysigner"
          labelSelector:
            matchLabels:
              version: live
          path: mysigner-roots.pem
          optional: true

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | The podCertificate projected volumes source securely provisions a private key and X.509 certificate chain for pod to use as client or server credentials. Kubelet will then handle refreshing the privat


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

--runtime-config=certificates.k8s.io/v1alpha1/podcertificaterequests=true

Response: This text code Projected Volumes | The podCertificate projected volumes source securely provisions a private key and X.509 certificate chain for pod to use as client or server credentials. Kubelet will then handle refreshing the privat


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

# Sample Pod spec that uses a podCertificate projection to request an ED25519
# private key, a certificate from the `coolcert.example.com/foo` signer, and
# write the results to `/var/run/my-x509-credentials/credentialbundle.pem`.
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  namespace: default
  name: podcertificate-pod
spec:
  serviceAccountName: default
  containers:
  - image: debian
    name: main

Response:
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: my-x509-credentials
      mountPath: /var/run/my-x509-credentials
  volumes:
  - name: my-x509-credentials
    projected:
      defaultMode: 420
      sources:
      - podCertificate:
          keyType: ED25519
          signerName: coolcert.example.com/foo
          credentialBundlePath: credentialbundle.pem


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

# Sample Pod spec that uses a podCertificate projection to request an ED25519
# private key, a certificate from the `coolcert.example.com/foo` signer, and
# write the results to `/var/run/my-x509-credentials/credentialbundle.pem`.
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  namespace: default
  name: podcertificate-pod
spec:
  serviceAccountName: default
  containers:
  - image: debian
    name: main
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: my-x509-credentials
      mountPath: /var/run/my-x509-credentials
  volumes:
  - name: my-x509-credentials
    projected:
      defaultMode: 420
      sources:
      - podCertificate:
          keyType: ED25519
          signerName: coolcert.example.com/foo
          credentialBundlePath: credentialbundle.pem

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | The proposal for file permission handling in projected service account volume enhancement introduced the projected files having the correct owner permissions set.


Prompt:
Complete this powershell code:

PS C:\> Get-Acl C:\var\run\secrets\kubernetes.io\serviceaccount\..2021_08_31_22_22_18.318230061\ca.crt | Format-List

Path   : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem::C:\var\run\secrets\kubernetes.io\serviceaccount\..2021_08_31_22_22_18.318230061\ca.crt
Owner  : BUILTIN\Administrators
Group  : NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM

Response:
Access : NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM Allow  FullControl
         BUILTIN\Administrators Allow  FullControl
         BUILTIN\Users Allow  ReadAndExecute, Synchronize
Audit  :
Sddl   : O:BAG:SYD:AI(A;ID;FA;;;SY)(A;ID;FA;;;BA)(A;ID;0x1200a9;;;BU)


Prompt:
Explain this powershell code:

PS C:\> Get-Acl C:\var\run\secrets\kubernetes.io\serviceaccount\..2021_08_31_22_22_18.318230061\ca.crt | Format-List

Path   : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem::C:\var\run\secrets\kubernetes.io\serviceaccount\..2021_08_31_22_22_18.318230061\ca.crt
Owner  : BUILTIN\Administrators
Group  : NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
Access : NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM Allow  FullControl
         BUILTIN\Administrators Allow  FullControl
         BUILTIN\Users Allow  ReadAndExecute, Synchronize
Audit  :
Sddl   : O:BAG:SYD:AI(A;ID;FA;;;SY)(A;ID;FA;;;BA)(A;ID;0x1200a9;;;BU)

Response: This powershell code Projected Volumes | This implies all administrator users like ContainerAdministrator will have read, write and execute access while, non-administrator users will have read and execute access.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

pods/storage/projected-secret-downwardapi-configmap.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:

Response:
      - secret:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - downwardAPI:
          items:
            - path: "labels"
              fieldRef:
                fieldPath: metadata.labels
            - path: "cpu_limit"
              resourceFieldRef:
                containerName: container-test
                resource: limits.cpu
      - configMap:
          name: myconfigmap
          items:
            - key: config
              path: my-group/my-config


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

pods/storage/projected-secret-downwardapi-configmap.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - downwardAPI:
          items:
            - path: "labels"
              fieldRef:
                fieldPath: metadata.labels
            - path: "cpu_limit"
              resourceFieldRef:
                containerName: container-test
                resource: limits.cpu
      - configMap:
          name: myconfigmap
          items:
            - key: config
              path: my-group/my-config

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | Each projected volume source is listed in the spec under sources. The parameters are nearly the same with two exceptions:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:

Response:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - downwardAPI:
          items:
            - path: "labels"
              fieldRef:
                fieldPath: metadata.labels
            - path: "cpu_limit"
              resourceFieldRef:
                containerName: container-test
                resource: limits.cpu
      - configMap:
          name: myconfigmap
          items:
            - key: config
              path: my-group/my-config


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - downwardAPI:
          items:
            - path: "labels"
              fieldRef:
                fieldPath: metadata.labels
            - path: "cpu_limit"
              resourceFieldRef:
                containerName: container-test
                resource: limits.cpu
      - configMap:
          name: myconfigmap
          items:
            - key: config
              path: my-group/my-config

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | Each projected volume source is listed in the spec under sources. The parameters are nearly the same with two exceptions:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

pods/storage/projected-secrets-nondefault-permission-mode.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true

Response:
  volumes:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - secret:
          name: mysecret2
          items:
            - key: password
              path: my-group/my-password
              mode: 511


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

pods/storage/projected-secrets-nondefault-permission-mode.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - secret:
          name: mysecret2
          items:
            - key: password
              path: my-group/my-password
              mode: 511

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | Each projected volume source is listed in the spec under sources. The parameters are nearly the same with two exceptions:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:

Response:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - secret:
          name: mysecret2
          items:
            - key: password
              path: my-group/my-password
              mode: 511


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: volume-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: all-in-one
      mountPath: "/projected-volume"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: all-in-one
    projected:
      sources:
      - secret:
          name: mysecret
          items:
            - key: username
              path: my-group/my-username
      - secret:
          name: mysecret2
          items:
            - key: password
              path: my-group/my-password
              mode: 511

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | Each projected volume source is listed in the spec under sources. The parameters are nearly the same with two exceptions:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

pods/storage/projected-service-account-token.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sa-token-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:

Response:
    - name: token-vol
      mountPath: "/service-account"
      readOnly: true
  serviceAccountName: default
  volumes:
  - name: token-vol
    projected:
      sources:
      - serviceAccountToken:
          audience: api
          expirationSeconds: 3600
          path: token


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

pods/storage/projected-service-account-token.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sa-token-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: token-vol
      mountPath: "/service-account"
      readOnly: true
  serviceAccountName: default
  volumes:
  - name: token-vol
    projected:
      sources:
      - serviceAccountToken:
          audience: api
          expirationSeconds: 3600
          path: token

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | The example Pod has a projected volume containing the injected service account token. Containers in this Pod can use that token to access the Kubernetes API server, authenticating with the identity of


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sa-token-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: token-vol

Response:
      mountPath: "/service-account"
      readOnly: true
  serviceAccountName: default
  volumes:
  - name: token-vol
    projected:
      sources:
      - serviceAccountToken:
          audience: api
          expirationSeconds: 3600
          path: token


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sa-token-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: token-vol
      mountPath: "/service-account"
      readOnly: true
  serviceAccountName: default
  volumes:
  - name: token-vol
    projected:
      sources:
      - serviceAccountToken:
          audience: api
          expirationSeconds: 3600
          path: token

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | The example Pod has a projected volume containing the injected service account token. Containers in this Pod can use that token to access the Kubernetes API server, authenticating with the identity of


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

pods/storage/projected-clustertrustbundle.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sa-ctb-name-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: token-vol
      mountPath: "/root-certificates"
      readOnly: true

Response:
  serviceAccountName: default
  volumes:
  - name: token-vol
    projected:
      sources:
      - clusterTrustBundle:
          name: example
          path: example-roots.pem
      - clusterTrustBundle:
          signerName: "example.com/mysigner"
          labelSelector:
            matchLabels:
              version: live
          path: mysigner-roots.pem
          optional: true


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

pods/storage/projected-clustertrustbundle.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sa-ctb-name-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: token-vol
      mountPath: "/root-certificates"
      readOnly: true
  serviceAccountName: default
  volumes:
  - name: token-vol
    projected:
      sources:
      - clusterTrustBundle:
          name: example
          path: example-roots.pem
      - clusterTrustBundle:
          signerName: "example.com/mysigner"
          labelSelector:
            matchLabels:
              version: live
          path: mysigner-roots.pem
          optional: true

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | The podCertificate projected volumes source securely provisions a private key and X.509 certificate chain for pod to use as client or server credentials. Kubelet will then handle refreshing the privat


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sa-ctb-name-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: token-vol
      mountPath: "/root-certificates"
      readOnly: true
  serviceAccountName: default

Response:
  volumes:
  - name: token-vol
    projected:
      sources:
      - clusterTrustBundle:
          name: example
          path: example-roots.pem
      - clusterTrustBundle:
          signerName: "example.com/mysigner"
          labelSelector:
            matchLabels:
              version: live
          path: mysigner-roots.pem
          optional: true


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: sa-ctb-name-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: container-test
    image: busybox
    command: ["sleep", "3600"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: token-vol
      mountPath: "/root-certificates"
      readOnly: true
  serviceAccountName: default
  volumes:
  - name: token-vol
    projected:
      sources:
      - clusterTrustBundle:
          name: example
          path: example-roots.pem
      - clusterTrustBundle:
          signerName: "example.com/mysigner"
          labelSelector:
            matchLabels:
              version: live
          path: mysigner-roots.pem
          optional: true

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | The podCertificate projected volumes source securely provisions a private key and X.509 certificate chain for pod to use as client or server credentials. Kubelet will then handle refreshing the privat


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

pods/storage/projected-podcertificate.yaml
# Sample Pod spec that uses a podCertificate projection to request an ED25519
# private key, a certificate from the `coolcert.example.com/foo` signer, and
# write the results to `/var/run/my-x509-credentials/credentialbundle.pem`.
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  namespace: default
  name: podcertificate-pod
spec:
  serviceAccountName: default
  containers:
  - image: debian

Response:
    name: main
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: my-x509-credentials
      mountPath: /var/run/my-x509-credentials
  volumes:
  - name: my-x509-credentials
    projected:
      defaultMode: 420
      sources:
      - podCertificate:
          keyType: ED25519
          signerName: coolcert.example.com/foo
          credentialBundlePath: credentialbundle.pem


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

pods/storage/projected-podcertificate.yaml
# Sample Pod spec that uses a podCertificate projection to request an ED25519
# private key, a certificate from the `coolcert.example.com/foo` signer, and
# write the results to `/var/run/my-x509-credentials/credentialbundle.pem`.
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  namespace: default
  name: podcertificate-pod
spec:
  serviceAccountName: default
  containers:
  - image: debian
    name: main
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: my-x509-credentials
      mountPath: /var/run/my-x509-credentials
  volumes:
  - name: my-x509-credentials
    projected:
      defaultMode: 420
      sources:
      - podCertificate:
          keyType: ED25519
          signerName: coolcert.example.com/foo
          credentialBundlePath: credentialbundle.pem

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | The proposal for file permission handling in projected service account volume enhancement introduced the projected files having the correct owner permissions set.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

# Sample Pod spec that uses a podCertificate projection to request an ED25519
# private key, a certificate from the `coolcert.example.com/foo` signer, and
# write the results to `/var/run/my-x509-credentials/credentialbundle.pem`.
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  namespace: default
  name: podcertificate-pod
spec:
  serviceAccountName: default
  containers:
  - image: debian
    name: main

Response:
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: my-x509-credentials
      mountPath: /var/run/my-x509-credentials
  volumes:
  - name: my-x509-credentials
    projected:
      defaultMode: 420
      sources:
      - podCertificate:
          keyType: ED25519
          signerName: coolcert.example.com/foo
          credentialBundlePath: credentialbundle.pem


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

# Sample Pod spec that uses a podCertificate projection to request an ED25519
# private key, a certificate from the `coolcert.example.com/foo` signer, and
# write the results to `/var/run/my-x509-credentials/credentialbundle.pem`.
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  namespace: default
  name: podcertificate-pod
spec:
  serviceAccountName: default
  containers:
  - image: debian
    name: main
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    volumeMounts:
    - name: my-x509-credentials
      mountPath: /var/run/my-x509-credentials
  volumes:
  - name: my-x509-credentials
    projected:
      defaultMode: 420
      sources:
      - podCertificate:
          keyType: ED25519
          signerName: coolcert.example.com/foo
          credentialBundlePath: credentialbundle.pem

Response: This yaml code Projected Volumes | The proposal for file permission handling in projected service account volume enhancement introduced the projected files having the correct owner permissions set.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

PS C:\> Get-Acl C:\var\run\secrets\kubernetes.io\serviceaccount\..2021_08_31_22_22_18.318230061\ca.crt | Format-List

Path   : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem::C:\var\run\secrets\kubernetes.io\serviceaccount\..2021_08_31_22_22_18.318230061\ca.crt
Owner  : BUILTIN\Administrators
Group  : NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM

Response:
Access : NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM Allow  FullControl
         BUILTIN\Administrators Allow  FullControl
         BUILTIN\Users Allow  ReadAndExecute, Synchronize
Audit  :
Sddl   : O:BAG:SYD:AI(A;ID;FA;;;SY)(A;ID;FA;;;BA)(A;ID;0x1200a9;;;BU)


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

PS C:\> Get-Acl C:\var\run\secrets\kubernetes.io\serviceaccount\..2021_08_31_22_22_18.318230061\ca.crt | Format-List

Path   : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem::C:\var\run\secrets\kubernetes.io\serviceaccount\..2021_08_31_22_22_18.318230061\ca.crt
Owner  : BUILTIN\Administrators
Group  : NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
Access : NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM Allow  FullControl
         BUILTIN\Administrators Allow  FullControl
         BUILTIN\Users Allow  ReadAndExecute, Synchronize
Audit  :
Sddl   : O:BAG:SYD:AI(A;ID;FA;;;SY)(A;ID;FA;;;BA)(A;ID;0x1200a9;;;BU)

Response: This text code Projected Volumes | This implies all administrator users like ContainerAdministrator will have read, write and execute access while, non-administrator users will have read and execute access.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME      STATUS    ROLES    AGE     VERSION        LABELS
worker0   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker0

Response:
worker1   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker1
worker2   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker2

Context: Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Choose one of your nodes, and add a label to it:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME      STATUS    ROLES    AGE     VERSION        LABELS
worker0   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker0
worker1   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker1
worker2   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker2

Response: This text code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Choose one of your nodes, and add a label to it:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME      STATUS    ROLES    AGE     VERSION        LABELS
worker0   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,disktype=ssd,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker0

Response:
worker1   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker1
worker2   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker2

Context: Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | In the preceding output, you can see that the worker0 node has a disktype=ssd label.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME      STATUS    ROLES    AGE     VERSION        LABELS
worker0   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,disktype=ssd,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker0
worker1   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker1
worker2   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker2

Response: This text code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | In the preceding output, you can see that the worker0 node has a disktype=ssd label.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        nodeSelectorTerms:

Response:
        - matchExpressions:
          - key: disktype
            operator: In
            values:
            - ssd
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent

Context: Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Apply the manifest to create a Pod that is scheduled onto your chosen node:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        nodeSelectorTerms:
        - matchExpressions:
          - key: disktype
            operator: In
            values:
            - ssd
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent

Response: This yaml code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Apply the manifest to create a Pod that is scheduled onto your chosen node:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/pods/pod-nginx-required-affinity.yaml

Response: This bash code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Verify that the pod is running on your chosen node:

Context: Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Verify that the pod is running on your chosen node:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME     READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE    IP           NODE
nginx    1/1       Running   0          13s    10.200.0.4   worker0

Response: This text code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | This manifest describes a Pod that has a preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution node affinity,disktype: ssd. This means that the pod will prefer a node that has a disktype=ssd label.

Context: Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | This manifest describes a Pod that has a preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution node affinity,disktype: ssd. This means that the pod will prefer a node that has a disktype=ssd label.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
      - weight: 1

Response:
        preference:
          matchExpressions:
          - key: disktype
            operator: In
            values:
            - ssd
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
      - weight: 1
        preference:
          matchExpressions:
          - key: disktype
            operator: In
            values:
            - ssd
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent

Response: This yaml code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Apply the manifest to create a Pod that is scheduled onto your chosen node:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/pods/pod-nginx-preferred-affinity.yaml

Response: This bash code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Verify that the pod is running on your chosen node:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME     READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE    IP           NODE
nginx    1/1       Running   0          13s    10.200.0.4   worker0

Response: This text code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Learn more about Node Affinity.

Context: Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Learn more about Node Affinity.


Prompt:
Complete this shell code:

NAME      STATUS    ROLES    AGE     VERSION        LABELS
worker0   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker0

Response:
worker1   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker1
worker2   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker2


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

NAME      STATUS    ROLES    AGE     VERSION        LABELS
worker0   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker0
worker1   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker1
worker2   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker2

Response: This shell code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Choose one of your nodes, and add a label to it:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME      STATUS    ROLES    AGE     VERSION        LABELS
worker0   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,disktype=ssd,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker0

Response:
worker1   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker1
worker2   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker2


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME      STATUS    ROLES    AGE     VERSION        LABELS
worker0   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,disktype=ssd,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker0
worker1   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker1
worker2   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker2

Response: This text code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | In the preceding output, you can see that the worker0 node has a disktype=ssd label.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        nodeSelectorTerms:

Response:
        - matchExpressions:
          - key: disktype
            operator: In
            values:
            - ssd
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        nodeSelectorTerms:
        - matchExpressions:
          - key: disktype
            operator: In
            values:
            - ssd
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent

Response: This yaml code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Apply the manifest to create a Pod that is scheduled onto your chosen node:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/pods/pod-nginx-required-affinity.yaml

Response: This shell code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Verify that the pod is running on your chosen node:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME     READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE    IP           NODE
nginx    1/1       Running   0          13s    10.200.0.4   worker0

Response: This text code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | This manifest describes a Pod that has a preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution node affinity,disktype: ssd. This means that the pod will prefer a node that has a disktype=ssd label.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
      - weight: 1

Response:
        preference:
          matchExpressions:
          - key: disktype
            operator: In
            values:
            - ssd
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
      - weight: 1
        preference:
          matchExpressions:
          - key: disktype
            operator: In
            values:
            - ssd
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent

Response: This yaml code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Apply the manifest to create a Pod that is scheduled onto your chosen node:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/pods/pod-nginx-preferred-affinity.yaml

Response: This shell code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Verify that the pod is running on your chosen node:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME     READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE    IP           NODE
nginx    1/1       Running   0          13s    10.200.0.4   worker0

Response: This text code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Learn more about Node Affinity.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME      STATUS    ROLES    AGE     VERSION        LABELS
worker0   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker0

Response:
worker1   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker1
worker2   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker2


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME      STATUS    ROLES    AGE     VERSION        LABELS
worker0   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker0
worker1   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker1
worker2   Ready     <none>   1d      v1.13.0        ...,kubernetes.io/hostname=worker2

Response: This text code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Choose one of your nodes, and add a label to it:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

pods/pod-nginx-required-affinity.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:

Response:
        nodeSelectorTerms:
        - matchExpressions:
          - key: disktype
            operator: In
            values:
            - ssd
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

pods/pod-nginx-required-affinity.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        nodeSelectorTerms:
        - matchExpressions:
          - key: disktype
            operator: In
            values:
            - ssd
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent

Response: This yaml code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Apply the manifest to create a Pod that is scheduled onto your chosen node:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        nodeSelectorTerms:

Response:
        - matchExpressions:
          - key: disktype
            operator: In
            values:
            - ssd
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        nodeSelectorTerms:
        - matchExpressions:
          - key: disktype
            operator: In
            values:
            - ssd
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent

Response: This yaml code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Apply the manifest to create a Pod that is scheduled onto your chosen node:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/pods/pod-nginx-required-affinity.yaml

Response: This bash code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Verify that the pod is running on your chosen node:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

pods/pod-nginx-preferred-affinity.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
      - weight: 1

Response:
        preference:
          matchExpressions:
          - key: disktype
            operator: In
            values:
            - ssd
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

pods/pod-nginx-preferred-affinity.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
      - weight: 1
        preference:
          matchExpressions:
          - key: disktype
            operator: In
            values:
            - ssd
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent

Response: This yaml code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Apply the manifest to create a Pod that is scheduled onto your chosen node:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
      - weight: 1

Response:
        preference:
          matchExpressions:
          - key: disktype
            operator: In
            values:
            - ssd
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
      - weight: 1
        preference:
          matchExpressions:
          - key: disktype
            operator: In
            values:
            - ssd
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent

Response: This yaml code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Apply the manifest to create a Pod that is scheduled onto your chosen node:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/pods/pod-nginx-preferred-affinity.yaml

Response: This bash code Assign Pods to Nodes using Node Affinity | Verify that the pod is running on your chosen node:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

ssh gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-gyn2 "sudo cat /sys/kernel/security/apparmor/profiles | sort"

Response: This text code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | For more details on loading profiles on nodes, see Setting up nodes with profiles.

Context: Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | For more details on loading profiles on nodes, see Setting up nodes with profiles.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

apparmor-test-deny-write (enforce)
apparmor-test-audit-write (enforce)

Response:
docker-default (enforce)
k8s-nginx (enforce)


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

apparmor-test-deny-write (enforce)
apparmor-test-audit-write (enforce)
docker-default (enforce)
k8s-nginx (enforce)

Response: This text code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | For more details on loading profiles on nodes, see Setting up nodes with profiles.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

securityContext:
  appArmorProfile:
    type: <profile_type>

Response: This text code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Where <profile_type> is one of:

Context: Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Where <profile_type> is one of:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl exec <pod_name> -- cat /proc/1/attr/current

Response: This bash code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The output should look something like this:

Context: Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The output should look something like this:


Prompt:
Complete this cpp code:

#include <tunables/global>

profile k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write flags=(attach_disconnected) {
  #include <abstractions/base>

Response:
  file,

  # Deny all file writes.
  deny /** w,
}

Context: Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The profile needs to be loaded onto all nodes, since you don't know where the pod will be scheduled. For this example you can use SSH to install the profiles, but other approaches are discussed in Set


Prompt:
Explain this cpp code:

#include <tunables/global>

profile k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write flags=(attach_disconnected) {
  #include <abstractions/base>

  file,

  # Deny all file writes.
  deny /** w,
}

Response: This cpp code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The profile needs to be loaded onto all nodes, since you don't know where the pod will be scheduled. For this example you can use SSH to install the profiles, but other approaches are discussed in Set


Prompt:
Complete this cpp code:

# This example assumes that node names match host names, and are reachable via SSH.
NODES=($( kubectl get node -o jsonpath='{.items[*].status.addresses[?(.type == "Hostname")].address}' ))

for NODE in ${NODES[*]}; do ssh $NODE 'sudo apparmor_parser -q <<EOF
#include <tunables/global>

profile k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write flags=(attach_disconnected) {
  #include <abstractions/base>

Response:
  file,

  # Deny all file writes.
  deny /** w,
}
EOF'
done

Context: Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Next, run a simple "Hello AppArmor" Pod with the deny-write profile:


Prompt:
Explain this cpp code:

# This example assumes that node names match host names, and are reachable via SSH.
NODES=($( kubectl get node -o jsonpath='{.items[*].status.addresses[?(.type == "Hostname")].address}' ))

for NODE in ${NODES[*]}; do ssh $NODE 'sudo apparmor_parser -q <<EOF
#include <tunables/global>

profile k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write flags=(attach_disconnected) {
  #include <abstractions/base>

  file,

  # Deny all file writes.
  deny /** w,
}
EOF'
done

Response: This cpp code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Next, run a simple "Hello AppArmor" Pod with the deny-write profile:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor
spec:
  securityContext:

Response:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]

Context: Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | You can verify that the container is actually running with that profile by checking /proc/1/attr/current:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor
spec:
  securityContext:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]

Response: This yaml code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | You can verify that the container is actually running with that profile by checking /proc/1/attr/current:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl exec hello-apparmor -- cat /proc/1/attr/current

Response: This bash code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The output should be:

Context: Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The output should be:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

touch: /tmp/test: Permission denied
error: error executing remote command: command terminated with non-zero exit code: Error executing in Docker Container: 1

Response: This text code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | To wrap up, see what happens if you try to specify a profile that hasn't been loaded:

Context: Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | To wrap up, see what happens if you try to specify a profile that hasn't been loaded:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

kubectl create -f /dev/stdin <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor-2
spec:
  securityContext:

Response:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]
EOF

Context: Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Although the Pod was created successfully, further examination will show that it is stuck in pending:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

kubectl create -f /dev/stdin <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor-2
spec:
  securityContext:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]
EOF

Response: This yaml code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Although the Pod was created successfully, further examination will show that it is stuck in pending:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Name:          hello-apparmor-2
Namespace:     default
Node:          gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-x1kf/10.128.0.27
Start Time:    Tue, 30 Aug 2016 17:58:56 -0700
Labels:        <none>
Annotations:   container.apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/hello=localhost/k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
Status:        Pending
...

Response:
Events:
  Type     Reason     Age              From               Message
  ----     ------     ----             ----               -------
  Normal   Scheduled  10s              default-scheduler  Successfully assigned default/hello-apparmor to gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-x1kf
  Normal   Pulled     8s               kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.28" in 370.157088ms (370.172701ms including waiting)
  Normal   Pulling    7s (x2 over 9s)  kubelet            Pulling image "busybox:1.28"
  Warning  Failed     7s (x2 over 8s)  kubelet            Error: failed to get container spec opts: failed to generate apparmor spec opts: apparmor profile not found k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
  Normal   Pulled     7s               kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.28" in 90.980331ms (91.005869ms including waiting)

Context: Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | An Event provides the error message with the reason, the specific wording is runtime-dependent:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Name:          hello-apparmor-2
Namespace:     default
Node:          gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-x1kf/10.128.0.27
Start Time:    Tue, 30 Aug 2016 17:58:56 -0700
Labels:        <none>
Annotations:   container.apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/hello=localhost/k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
Status:        Pending
...
Events:
  Type     Reason     Age              From               Message
  ----     ------     ----             ----               -------
  Normal   Scheduled  10s              default-scheduler  Successfully assigned default/hello-apparmor to gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-x1kf
  Normal   Pulled     8s               kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.28" in 370.157088ms (370.172701ms including waiting)
  Normal   Pulling    7s (x2 over 9s)  kubelet            Pulling image "busybox:1.28"
  Warning  Failed     7s (x2 over 8s)  kubelet            Error: failed to get container spec opts: failed to generate apparmor spec opts: apparmor profile not found k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
  Normal   Pulled     7s               kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.28" in 90.980331ms (91.005869ms including waiting)

Response: This text code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | An Event provides the error message with the reason, the specific wording is runtime-dependent:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Warning  Failed     7s (x2 over 8s)  kubelet            Error: failed to get container spec opts: failed to generate apparmor spec opts: apparmor profile not found

Response: This text code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Kubernetes 1.34 does not provide any built-in mechanisms for loading AppArmor profiles onto Nodes. Profiles can be loaded through custom infrastructure or tools like the Kubernetes Security Profiles O

Context: Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Kubernetes 1.34 does not provide any built-in mechanisms for loading AppArmor profiles onto Nodes. Profiles can be loaded through custom infrastructure or tools like the Kubernetes Security Profiles O


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

ssh gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-gyn2 "sudo cat /sys/kernel/security/apparmor/profiles | sort"

Response: This shell code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | For more details on loading profiles on nodes, see Setting up nodes with profiles.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

apparmor-test-deny-write (enforce)
apparmor-test-audit-write (enforce)

Response:
docker-default (enforce)
k8s-nginx (enforce)


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

apparmor-test-deny-write (enforce)
apparmor-test-audit-write (enforce)
docker-default (enforce)
k8s-nginx (enforce)

Response: This text code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | For more details on loading profiles on nodes, see Setting up nodes with profiles.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

securityContext:
  appArmorProfile:
    type: <profile_type>

Response: This yaml code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Where <profile_type> is one of:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl exec <pod_name> -- cat /proc/1/attr/current

Response: This shell code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The output should look something like this:


Prompt:
Complete this cpp code:

#include <tunables/global>

profile k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write flags=(attach_disconnected) {
  #include <abstractions/base>

Response:
  file,

  # Deny all file writes.
  deny /** w,
}


Prompt:
Explain this cpp code:

#include <tunables/global>

profile k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write flags=(attach_disconnected) {
  #include <abstractions/base>

  file,

  # Deny all file writes.
  deny /** w,
}

Response: This cpp code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The profile needs to be loaded onto all nodes, since you don't know where the pod will be scheduled. For this example you can use SSH to install the profiles, but other approaches are discussed in Set


Prompt:
Complete this shell code:

# This example assumes that node names match host names, and are reachable via SSH.
NODES=($( kubectl get node -o jsonpath='{.items[*].status.addresses[?(.type == "Hostname")].address}' ))

for NODE in ${NODES[*]}; do ssh $NODE 'sudo apparmor_parser -q <<EOF
#include <tunables/global>

profile k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write flags=(attach_disconnected) {
  #include <abstractions/base>

Response:
  file,

  # Deny all file writes.
  deny /** w,
}
EOF'
done


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# This example assumes that node names match host names, and are reachable via SSH.
NODES=($( kubectl get node -o jsonpath='{.items[*].status.addresses[?(.type == "Hostname")].address}' ))

for NODE in ${NODES[*]}; do ssh $NODE 'sudo apparmor_parser -q <<EOF
#include <tunables/global>

profile k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write flags=(attach_disconnected) {
  #include <abstractions/base>

  file,

  # Deny all file writes.
  deny /** w,
}
EOF'
done

Response: This shell code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Next, run a simple "Hello AppArmor" Pod with the deny-write profile:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor
spec:
  securityContext:

Response:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor
spec:
  securityContext:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]

Response: This yaml code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | You can verify that the container is actually running with that profile by checking /proc/1/attr/current:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl exec hello-apparmor -- cat /proc/1/attr/current

Response: This shell code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The output should be:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

touch: /tmp/test: Permission denied
error: error executing remote command: command terminated with non-zero exit code: Error executing in Docker Container: 1

Response: This text code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | To wrap up, see what happens if you try to specify a profile that hasn't been loaded:


Prompt:
Complete this shell code:

kubectl create -f /dev/stdin <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor-2
spec:
  securityContext:

Response:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]
EOF


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl create -f /dev/stdin <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor-2
spec:
  securityContext:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]
EOF

Response: This shell code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Although the Pod was created successfully, further examination will show that it is stuck in pending:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Name:          hello-apparmor-2
Namespace:     default
Node:          gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-x1kf/10.128.0.27
Start Time:    Tue, 30 Aug 2016 17:58:56 -0700
Labels:        <none>
Annotations:   container.apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/hello=localhost/k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
Status:        Pending
...

Response:
Events:
  Type     Reason     Age              From               Message
  ----     ------     ----             ----               -------
  Normal   Scheduled  10s              default-scheduler  Successfully assigned default/hello-apparmor to gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-x1kf
  Normal   Pulled     8s               kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.28" in 370.157088ms (370.172701ms including waiting)
  Normal   Pulling    7s (x2 over 9s)  kubelet            Pulling image "busybox:1.28"
  Warning  Failed     7s (x2 over 8s)  kubelet            Error: failed to get container spec opts: failed to generate apparmor spec opts: apparmor profile not found k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
  Normal   Pulled     7s               kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.28" in 90.980331ms (91.005869ms including waiting)


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Name:          hello-apparmor-2
Namespace:     default
Node:          gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-x1kf/10.128.0.27
Start Time:    Tue, 30 Aug 2016 17:58:56 -0700
Labels:        <none>
Annotations:   container.apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/hello=localhost/k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
Status:        Pending
...
Events:
  Type     Reason     Age              From               Message
  ----     ------     ----             ----               -------
  Normal   Scheduled  10s              default-scheduler  Successfully assigned default/hello-apparmor to gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-x1kf
  Normal   Pulled     8s               kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.28" in 370.157088ms (370.172701ms including waiting)
  Normal   Pulling    7s (x2 over 9s)  kubelet            Pulling image "busybox:1.28"
  Warning  Failed     7s (x2 over 8s)  kubelet            Error: failed to get container spec opts: failed to generate apparmor spec opts: apparmor profile not found k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
  Normal   Pulled     7s               kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.28" in 90.980331ms (91.005869ms including waiting)

Response: This text code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | An Event provides the error message with the reason, the specific wording is runtime-dependent:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Warning  Failed     7s (x2 over 8s)  kubelet            Error: failed to get container spec opts: failed to generate apparmor spec opts: apparmor profile not found

Response: This text code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Kubernetes 1.34 does not provide any built-in mechanisms for loading AppArmor profiles onto Nodes. Profiles can be loaded through custom infrastructure or tools like the Kubernetes Security Profiles O


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

ssh gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-gyn2 "sudo cat /sys/kernel/security/apparmor/profiles | sort"

Response: This text code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | For more details on loading profiles on nodes, see Setting up nodes with profiles.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

securityContext:
  appArmorProfile:
    type: <profile_type>

Response: This text code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Where <profile_type> is one of:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl exec <pod_name> -- cat /proc/1/attr/current

Response: This bash code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The output should look something like this:


Prompt:
Complete this cpp code:

# This example assumes that node names match host names, and are reachable via SSH.
NODES=($( kubectl get node -o jsonpath='{.items[*].status.addresses[?(.type == "Hostname")].address}' ))

for NODE in ${NODES[*]}; do ssh $NODE 'sudo apparmor_parser -q <<EOF
#include <tunables/global>

profile k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write flags=(attach_disconnected) {
  #include <abstractions/base>

Response:
  file,

  # Deny all file writes.
  deny /** w,
}
EOF'
done


Prompt:
Explain this cpp code:

# This example assumes that node names match host names, and are reachable via SSH.
NODES=($( kubectl get node -o jsonpath='{.items[*].status.addresses[?(.type == "Hostname")].address}' ))

for NODE in ${NODES[*]}; do ssh $NODE 'sudo apparmor_parser -q <<EOF
#include <tunables/global>

profile k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write flags=(attach_disconnected) {
  #include <abstractions/base>

  file,

  # Deny all file writes.
  deny /** w,
}
EOF'
done

Response: This cpp code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Next, run a simple "Hello AppArmor" Pod with the deny-write profile:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

pods/security/hello-apparmor.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor
spec:
  securityContext:

Response:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

pods/security/hello-apparmor.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor
spec:
  securityContext:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]

Response: This yaml code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | You can verify that the container is actually running with that profile by checking /proc/1/attr/current:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor
spec:
  securityContext:

Response:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor
spec:
  securityContext:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]

Response: This yaml code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | You can verify that the container is actually running with that profile by checking /proc/1/attr/current:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl exec hello-apparmor -- cat /proc/1/attr/current

Response: This bash code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The output should be:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

kubectl create -f /dev/stdin <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor-2
spec:
  securityContext:

Response:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]
EOF


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

kubectl create -f /dev/stdin <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor-2
spec:
  securityContext:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]
EOF

Response: This yaml code Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Although the Pod was created successfully, further examination will show that it is stuck in pending:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: configmap-pod
spec:
  containers:
    - name: test
      image: busybox:1.28
      command: ['sh', '-c', 'echo "The app is running!" && tail -f /dev/null']

Response:
      volumeMounts:
        - name: config-vol
          mountPath: /etc/config
  volumes:
    - name: config-vol
      configMap:
        name: log-config
        items:
          - key: log_level
            path: log_level.conf

Context: 1 - Volumes | The log-config ConfigMap is mounted as a volume, and all contents stored in its log_level entry are mounted into the Pod at path /etc/config/log_level.conf. Note that this path is derived from the vol


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: configmap-pod
spec:
  containers:
    - name: test
      image: busybox:1.28
      command: ['sh', '-c', 'echo "The app is running!" && tail -f /dev/null']
      volumeMounts:
        - name: config-vol
          mountPath: /etc/config
  volumes:
    - name: config-vol
      configMap:
        name: log-config
        items:
          - key: log_level
            path: log_level.conf

Response: This yaml code 1 - Volumes | The log-config ConfigMap is mounted as a volume, and all contents stored in its log_level entry are mounted into the Pod at path /etc/config/log_level.conf. Note that this path is derived from the vol


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: test-pd
spec:
  containers:
  - image: registry.k8s.io/test-webserver

Response:
    name: test-container
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /cache
      name: cache-volume
  volumes:
  - name: cache-volume
    emptyDir:
      sizeLimit: 500Mi

Context: 1 - Volumes | An fc volume type allows an existing fibre channel block storage volume to be mounted in a Pod. You can specify single or multiple target world wide names (WWNs) using the parameter targetWWNs in your


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: test-pd
spec:
  containers:
  - image: registry.k8s.io/test-webserver
    name: test-container
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /cache
      name: cache-volume
  volumes:
  - name: cache-volume
    emptyDir:
      sizeLimit: 500Mi

Response: This yaml code 1 - Volumes | An fc volume type allows an existing fibre channel block storage volume to be mounted in a Pod. You can specify single or multiple target world wide names (WWNs) using the parameter targetWWNs in your


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: test-pd
spec:
  containers:
  - image: registry.k8s.io/test-webserver
    name: test-container

Response:
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /cache
      name: cache-volume
  volumes:
  - name: cache-volume
    emptyDir:
      sizeLimit: 500Mi
      medium: Memory


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: test-pd
spec:
  containers:
  - image: registry.k8s.io/test-webserver
    name: test-container
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /cache
      name: cache-volume
  volumes:
  - name: cache-volume
    emptyDir:
      sizeLimit: 500Mi
      medium: Memory

Response: This yaml code 1 - Volumes | An fc volume type allows an existing fibre channel block storage volume to be mounted in a Pod. You can specify single or multiple target world wide names (WWNs) using the parameter targetWWNs in your


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

!has(object.spec.volumes) || !object.spec.volumes.exists(v, has(v.gitRepo))

Response: This text code 1 - Volumes | You can use this deprecated storage plugin in your cluster if you explicitly enable the GitRepoVolumeDriver feature gate.

Context: 1 - Volumes | You can use this deprecated storage plugin in your cluster if you explicitly enable the GitRepoVolumeDriver feature gate.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: server
spec:
  containers:
  - image: nginx
    name: nginx

Response:
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /mypath
      name: git-volume
  volumes:
  - name: git-volume
    gitRepo:
      repository: "git@somewhere:me/my-git-repository.git"
      revision: "22f1d8406d464b0c0874075539c1f2e96c253775"

Context: 1 - Volumes | Kubernetes 1.34 does not include a glusterfs volume type.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: server
spec:
  containers:
  - image: nginx
    name: nginx
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /mypath
      name: git-volume
  volumes:
  - name: git-volume
    gitRepo:
      repository: "git@somewhere:me/my-git-repository.git"
      revision: "22f1d8406d464b0c0874075539c1f2e96c253775"

Response: This yaml code 1 - Volumes | Kubernetes 1.34 does not include a glusterfs volume type.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

---
# This manifest mounts /data/foo on the host as /foo inside the
# single container that runs within the hostpath-example-linux Pod.
#
# The mount into the container is read-only.
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hostpath-example-linux
spec:
  os: { name: linux }
  nodeSelector:
    kubernetes.io/os: linux

Response:
  containers:
  - name: example-container
    image: registry.k8s.io/test-webserver
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /foo
      name: example-volume
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: example-volume
    # mount /data/foo, but only if that directory already exists
    hostPath:
      path: /data/foo # directory location on host
      type: Directory # this field is optional

Context: 1 - Volumes | --- # This manifest mounts C:\Data\foo on the host as C:\foo, inside the # single container that runs within the hostpath-example-windows Pod. # # The mount into the container is read-only. apiVersion


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

---
# This manifest mounts /data/foo on the host as /foo inside the
# single container that runs within the hostpath-example-linux Pod.
#
# The mount into the container is read-only.
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hostpath-example-linux
spec:
  os: { name: linux }
  nodeSelector:
    kubernetes.io/os: linux
  containers:
  - name: example-container
    image: registry.k8s.io/test-webserver
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /foo
      name: example-volume
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: example-volume
    # mount /data/foo, but only if that directory already exists
    hostPath:
      path: /data/foo # directory location on host
      type: Directory # this field is optional

Response: This yaml code 1 - Volumes | --- # This manifest mounts C:\Data\foo on the host as C:\foo, inside the # single container that runs within the hostpath-example-windows Pod. # # The mount into the container is read-only. apiVersion


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

---
# This manifest mounts C:\Data\foo on the host as C:\foo, inside the
# single container that runs within the hostpath-example-windows Pod.
#
# The mount into the container is read-only.
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hostpath-example-windows
spec:
  os: { name: windows }
  nodeSelector:
    kubernetes.io/os: windows

Response:
  containers:
  - name: example-container
    image: microsoft/windowsservercore:1709
    volumeMounts:
    - name: example-volume
      mountPath: "C:\\foo"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
    # mount C:\Data\foo from the host, but only if that directory already exists
  - name: example-volume
    hostPath:
      path: "C:\\Data\\foo" # directory location on host
      type: Directory       # this field is optional

Context: 1 - Volumes | The following manifest defines a Pod that mounts /var/local/aaa inside the single container in the Pod. If the node does not already have a path /var/local/aaa, the kubelet creates it as a directory a


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

---
# This manifest mounts C:\Data\foo on the host as C:\foo, inside the
# single container that runs within the hostpath-example-windows Pod.
#
# The mount into the container is read-only.
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hostpath-example-windows
spec:
  os: { name: windows }
  nodeSelector:
    kubernetes.io/os: windows
  containers:
  - name: example-container
    image: microsoft/windowsservercore:1709
    volumeMounts:
    - name: example-volume
      mountPath: "C:\\foo"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
    # mount C:\Data\foo from the host, but only if that directory already exists
  - name: example-volume
    hostPath:
      path: "C:\\Data\\foo" # directory location on host
      type: Directory       # this field is optional

Response: This yaml code 1 - Volumes | The following manifest defines a Pod that mounts /var/local/aaa inside the single container in the Pod. If the node does not already have a path /var/local/aaa, the kubelet creates it as a directory a


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: test-webserver
spec:
  os: { name: linux }
  nodeSelector:
    kubernetes.io/os: linux
  containers:
  - name: test-webserver
    image: registry.k8s.io/test-webserver:latest
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /var/local/aaa

Response:
      name: mydir
    - mountPath: /var/local/aaa/1.txt
      name: myfile
  volumes:
  - name: mydir
    hostPath:
      # Ensure the file directory is created.
      path: /var/local/aaa
      type: DirectoryOrCreate
  - name: myfile
    hostPath:
      path: /var/local/aaa/1.txt
      type: FileOrCreate

Context: 1 - Volumes | An image volume source represents an OCI object (a container image or artifact) which is available on the kubelet's host machine.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: test-webserver
spec:
  os: { name: linux }
  nodeSelector:
    kubernetes.io/os: linux
  containers:
  - name: test-webserver
    image: registry.k8s.io/test-webserver:latest
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /var/local/aaa
      name: mydir
    - mountPath: /var/local/aaa/1.txt
      name: myfile
  volumes:
  - name: mydir
    hostPath:
      # Ensure the file directory is created.
      path: /var/local/aaa
      type: DirectoryOrCreate
  - name: myfile
    hostPath:
      path: /var/local/aaa/1.txt
      type: FileOrCreate

Response: This yaml code 1 - Volumes | An image volume source represents an OCI object (a container image or artifact) which is available on the kubelet's host machine.