Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-wp67j | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-hs9dj | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-4hjvf | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-wp67j | v=1
Hello Kubernetes bootcamp! | Running on: kubernetes-bootcamp-644c5687f4-4hjvf | v=1

Response: This text code 2.5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | If you're running minikube with Docker Desktop as the container driver, a minikube tunnel is needed. This is because containers inside Docker Desktop are isolated from your host computer.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

http://127.0.0.1:51082
!  Because you are using a Docker driver on darwin, the terminal needs to be open to run it.

Response: This text code 2.5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Then use the given URL to access the app:

Context: 2.5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | Then use the given URL to access the app:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl scale deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp --replicas=2

Response: This bash code 2.5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | List the Deployments to check if the change was applied with the get deployments subcommand:

Context: 2.5.1 - Running Multiple Instances of Your App | List the Deployments to check if the change was applied with the get deployments subcommand:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl set image deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp kubernetes-bootcamp=docker.io/jocatalin/kubernetes-bootcamp:v2

Response: This bash code 2.6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | The command notified the Deployment to use a different image for your app and initiated a rolling update. Check the status of the new Pods, and view the old one terminating with the get pods subcomman

Context: 2.6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | The command notified the Deployment to use a different image for your app and initiated a rolling update. Check the status of the new Pods, and view the old one terminating with the get pods subcomman


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl expose deployment/kubernetes-bootcamp --type="NodePort" --port 8080

Response: This bash code 2.6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Create an environment variable called NODE_PORT that has the value of the Node port assigned:

Context: 2.6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Create an environment variable called NODE_PORT that has the value of the Node port assigned:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

export NODE_PORT="$(kubectl get services/kubernetes-bootcamp -o go-template='{{(index .spec.ports 0).nodePort}}')"
echo "NODE_PORT=$NODE_PORT"

Response: This text code 2.6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Next, do a curl to the exposed IP and port:

Context: 2.6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Next, do a curl to the exposed IP and port:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl rollout status deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp

Response: This bash code 2.6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | To view the current image version of the app, run the describe pods subcommand:

Context: 2.6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | To view the current image version of the app, run the describe pods subcommand:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl set image deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp kubernetes-bootcamp=gcr.io/google-samples/kubernetes-bootcamp:v10

Response: This bash code 2.6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Use get deployments to see the status of the deployment:

Context: 2.6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | Use get deployments to see the status of the deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl rollout undo deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp

Response: This bash code 2.6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | The rollout undo command reverts the deployment to the previous known state (v2 of the image). Updates are versioned and you can revert to any previously known state of a Deployment.

Context: 2.6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | The rollout undo command reverts the deployment to the previous known state (v2 of the image). Updates are versioned and you can revert to any previously known state of a Deployment.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl delete deployments/kubernetes-bootcamp services/kubernetes-bootcamp

Response: This bash code 2.6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | This page provides a step-by-step example of updating configuration within a Pod via a ConfigMap and builds upon the Configure a Pod to Use a ConfigMap task.At the end of this tutorial, you will under

Context: 2.6.1 - Performing a Rolling Update | This page provides a step-by-step example of updating configuration within a Pod via a ConfigMap and builds upon the Configure a Pod to Use a ConfigMap task.At the end of this tutorial, you will under


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl create configmap sport --from-literal=sport=football

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Below is an example of a Deployment manifest with the ConfigMap sport mounted as a volume into the Pod's only container.

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Below is an example of a Deployment manifest with the ConfigMap sport mounted as a volume into the Pod's only container.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: configmap-volume
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-volume
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-volume
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-volume
    spec:

Response:
      containers:
        - name: alpine
          image: alpine:3
          command:
            - /bin/sh
            - -c
            - while true; do echo "$(date) My preferred sport is $(cat /etc/config/sport)";
              sleep 10; done;
          ports:
            - containerPort: 80
          volumeMounts:
            - name: config-volume
              mountPath: /etc/config
      volumes:
        - name: config-volume
          configMap:
            name: sport

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Create the Deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: configmap-volume
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-volume
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-volume
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-volume
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: alpine
          image: alpine:3
          command:
            - /bin/sh
            - -c
            - while true; do echo "$(date) My preferred sport is $(cat /etc/config/sport)";
              sleep 10; done;
          ports:
            - containerPort: 80
          volumeMounts:
            - name: config-volume
              mountPath: /etc/config
      volumes:
        - name: config-volume
          configMap:
            name: sport

Response: This yaml code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Create the Deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/deployments/deployment-with-configmap-as-volume.yaml

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Check the pods for this Deployment to ensure they are ready (matching by selector):

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Check the pods for this Deployment to ensure they are ready (matching by selector):


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get pods --selector=app.kubernetes.io/name=configmap-volume

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see an output similar to:

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see an output similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME                                READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
configmap-volume-6b976dfdcf-qxvbm   1/1     Running   0          72s

Response:
configmap-volume-6b976dfdcf-skpvm   1/1     Running   0          72s
configmap-volume-6b976dfdcf-tbc6r   1/1     Running   0          72s

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | On each node where one of these Pods is running, the kubelet fetches the data for that ConfigMap and translates it to files in a local volume. The kubelet then mounts that volume into the container, a


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                                READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
configmap-volume-6b976dfdcf-qxvbm   1/1     Running   0          72s
configmap-volume-6b976dfdcf-skpvm   1/1     Running   0          72s
configmap-volume-6b976dfdcf-tbc6r   1/1     Running   0          72s

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | On each node where one of these Pods is running, the kubelet fetches the data for that ConfigMap and translates it to files in a local volume. The kubelet then mounts that volume into the container, a


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Pick one Pod that belongs to the Deployment, and view its logs
kubectl logs deployments/configmap-volume

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see an output similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Found 3 pods, using pod/configmap-volume-76d9c5678f-x5rgj
Thu Jan  4 14:06:46 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football
Thu Jan  4 14:06:56 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football

Response:
Thu Jan  4 14:07:06 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football
Thu Jan  4 14:07:16 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football
Thu Jan  4 14:07:26 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Edit the ConfigMap:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Found 3 pods, using pod/configmap-volume-76d9c5678f-x5rgj
Thu Jan  4 14:06:46 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football
Thu Jan  4 14:06:56 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football
Thu Jan  4 14:07:06 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football
Thu Jan  4 14:07:16 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football
Thu Jan  4 14:07:26 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Edit the ConfigMap:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
data:
  sport: cricket
kind: ConfigMap
# You can leave the existing metadata as they are.
# The values you'll see won't exactly match these.

Response:
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2024-01-04T14:05:06Z"
  name: sport
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "1743935"
  uid: 024ee001-fe72-487e-872e-34d6464a8a23

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see the following output:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
data:
  sport: cricket
kind: ConfigMap
# You can leave the existing metadata as they are.
# The values you'll see won't exactly match these.
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2024-01-04T14:05:06Z"
  name: sport
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "1743935"
  uid: 024ee001-fe72-487e-872e-34d6464a8a23

Response: This yaml code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see the following output:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Thu Jan  4 14:11:36 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football
Thu Jan  4 14:11:46 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football

Response:
Thu Jan  4 14:11:56 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football
Thu Jan  4 14:12:06 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is cricket
Thu Jan  4 14:12:16 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is cricket

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | When you have a ConfigMap that is mapped into a running Pod using either a configMap volume or a projected volume, and you update that ConfigMap, the running Pod sees the update almost immediately.How


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Thu Jan  4 14:11:36 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football
Thu Jan  4 14:11:46 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football
Thu Jan  4 14:11:56 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is football
Thu Jan  4 14:12:06 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is cricket
Thu Jan  4 14:12:16 UTC 2024 My preferred sport is cricket

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | When you have a ConfigMap that is mapped into a running Pod using either a configMap volume or a projected volume, and you update that ConfigMap, the running Pod sees the update almost immediately.How


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl create configmap fruits --from-literal=fruits=apples

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Below is an example of a Deployment manifest with an environment variable configured via the ConfigMap fruits.

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Below is an example of a Deployment manifest with an environment variable configured via the ConfigMap fruits.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: configmap-env-var
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-env-var
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-env-var
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-env-var
    spec:

Response:
      containers:
        - name: alpine
          image: alpine:3
          env:
            - name: FRUITS
              valueFrom:
                configMapKeyRef:
                  key: fruits
                  name: fruits
          command:
            - /bin/sh
            - -c
            - while true; do echo "$(date) The basket is full of $FRUITS";
                sleep 10; done;
          ports:
            - containerPort: 80


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: configmap-env-var
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-env-var
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-env-var
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-env-var
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: alpine
          image: alpine:3
          env:
            - name: FRUITS
              valueFrom:
                configMapKeyRef:
                  key: fruits
                  name: fruits
          command:
            - /bin/sh
            - -c
            - while true; do echo "$(date) The basket is full of $FRUITS";
                sleep 10; done;
          ports:
            - containerPort: 80

Response: This yaml code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Create the Deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/deployments/deployment-with-configmap-as-envvar.yaml

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Check the pods for this Deployment to ensure they are ready (matching by selector):


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get pods --selector=app.kubernetes.io/name=configmap-env-var

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see an output similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME                                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
configmap-env-var-59cfc64f7d-74d7z   1/1     Running   0          46s

Response:
configmap-env-var-59cfc64f7d-c4wmj   1/1     Running   0          46s
configmap-env-var-59cfc64f7d-dpr98   1/1     Running   0          46s

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | The key-value pair in the ConfigMap is configured as an environment variable in the container of the Pod. Check this by viewing the logs of one Pod that belongs to the Deployment.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
configmap-env-var-59cfc64f7d-74d7z   1/1     Running   0          46s
configmap-env-var-59cfc64f7d-c4wmj   1/1     Running   0          46s
configmap-env-var-59cfc64f7d-dpr98   1/1     Running   0          46s

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | The key-value pair in the ConfigMap is configured as an environment variable in the container of the Pod. Check this by viewing the logs of one Pod that belongs to the Deployment.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Found 3 pods, using pod/configmap-env-var-7c994f7769-l74nq
Thu Jan  4 16:07:06 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples

Response:
Thu Jan  4 16:07:16 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples
Thu Jan  4 16:07:26 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Found 3 pods, using pod/configmap-env-var-7c994f7769-l74nq
Thu Jan  4 16:07:06 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples
Thu Jan  4 16:07:16 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples
Thu Jan  4 16:07:26 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Edit the ConfigMap:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
data:
  fruits: mangoes
kind: ConfigMap
# You can leave the existing metadata as they are.

Response:
# The values you'll see won't exactly match these.
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2024-01-04T16:04:19Z"
  name: fruits
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "1749472"


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
data:
  fruits: mangoes
kind: ConfigMap
# You can leave the existing metadata as they are.
# The values you'll see won't exactly match these.
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2024-01-04T16:04:19Z"
  name: fruits
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "1749472"

Response: This yaml code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see the following output:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# As the text explains, the output does NOT change
kubectl logs deployments/configmap-env-var --follow

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Notice that the output remains unchanged, even though you edited the ConfigMap:

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Notice that the output remains unchanged, even though you edited the ConfigMap:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Thu Jan  4 16:12:56 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples
Thu Jan  4 16:13:06 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples

Response:
Thu Jan  4 16:13:16 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples
Thu Jan  4 16:13:26 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You can trigger that replacement. Perform a rollout for the Deployment, using kubectl rollout:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Thu Jan  4 16:12:56 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples
Thu Jan  4 16:13:06 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples
Thu Jan  4 16:13:16 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples
Thu Jan  4 16:13:26 UTC 2024 The basket is full of apples

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You can trigger that replacement. Perform a rollout for the Deployment, using kubectl rollout:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

# Trigger the rollout
kubectl rollout restart deployment configmap-env-var

Response:
# Wait for the rollout to complete
kubectl rollout status deployment configmap-env-var --watch=true

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Next, check the Deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Trigger the rollout
kubectl rollout restart deployment configmap-env-var

# Wait for the rollout to complete
kubectl rollout status deployment configmap-env-var --watch=true

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Next, check the Deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
configmap-env-var   3/3     3            3           12m

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Check the Pods:

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Check the Pods:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get pods --selector=app.kubernetes.io/name=configmap-env-var

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | The rollout causes Kubernetes to make a new ReplicaSet for the Deployment; that means the existing Pods eventually terminate, and new ones are created. After few seconds, you should see an output simi

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | The rollout causes Kubernetes to make a new ReplicaSet for the Deployment; that means the existing Pods eventually terminate, and new ones are created. After few seconds, you should see an output simi


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME                                 READY   STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE
configmap-env-var-6d94d89bf5-2ph2l   1/1     Running       0          13s

Response:
configmap-env-var-6d94d89bf5-74twx   1/1     Running       0          8s
configmap-env-var-6d94d89bf5-d5vx8   1/1     Running       0          11s

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | View the logs for a Pod in this Deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                                 READY   STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE
configmap-env-var-6d94d89bf5-2ph2l   1/1     Running       0          13s
configmap-env-var-6d94d89bf5-74twx   1/1     Running       0          8s
configmap-env-var-6d94d89bf5-d5vx8   1/1     Running       0          11s

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | View the logs for a Pod in this Deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Pick one Pod that belongs to the Deployment, and view its logs
kubectl logs deployment/configmap-env-var

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see an output similar to the below:

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see an output similar to the below:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Found 3 pods, using pod/configmap-env-var-6d9ff89fb6-bzcf6
Thu Jan  4 16:30:35 UTC 2024 The basket is full of mangoes

Response:
Thu Jan  4 16:30:45 UTC 2024 The basket is full of mangoes
Thu Jan  4 16:30:55 UTC 2024 The basket is full of mangoes

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | This demonstrates the scenario of updating environment variables in a Pod that are derived from a ConfigMap. Changes to the ConfigMap values are applied to the Pod during the subsequent rollout. If Po


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Found 3 pods, using pod/configmap-env-var-6d9ff89fb6-bzcf6
Thu Jan  4 16:30:35 UTC 2024 The basket is full of mangoes
Thu Jan  4 16:30:45 UTC 2024 The basket is full of mangoes
Thu Jan  4 16:30:55 UTC 2024 The basket is full of mangoes

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | This demonstrates the scenario of updating environment variables in a Pod that are derived from a ConfigMap. Changes to the ConfigMap values are applied to the Pod during the subsequent rollout. If Po


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl create configmap color --from-literal=color=red

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Below is an example manifest for a Deployment that manages a set of Pods, each with two containers. The two containers share an emptyDir volume that they use to communicate. The first container runs a

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Below is an example manifest for a Deployment that manages a set of Pods, each with two containers. The two containers share an emptyDir volume that they use to communicate. The first container runs a


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: configmap-two-containers
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-two-containers
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-two-containers
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-two-containers
    spec:
      volumes:
        - name: shared-data
          emptyDir: {}
        - name: config-volume

Response:
          configMap:
            name: color
      containers:
        - name: nginx
          image: nginx
          volumeMounts:
            - name: shared-data
              mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
        - name: alpine
          image: alpine:3
          volumeMounts:
            - name: shared-data
              mountPath: /pod-data
            - name: config-volume
              mountPath: /etc/config
          command:
            - /bin/sh
            - -c
            - while true; do echo "$(date) My preferred color is $(cat /etc/config/color)" > /pod-data/index.html;
              sleep 10; done;

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Create the Deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: configmap-two-containers
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-two-containers
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-two-containers
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-two-containers
    spec:
      volumes:
        - name: shared-data
          emptyDir: {}
        - name: config-volume
          configMap:
            name: color
      containers:
        - name: nginx
          image: nginx
          volumeMounts:
            - name: shared-data
              mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
        - name: alpine
          image: alpine:3
          volumeMounts:
            - name: shared-data
              mountPath: /pod-data
            - name: config-volume
              mountPath: /etc/config
          command:
            - /bin/sh
            - -c
            - while true; do echo "$(date) My preferred color is $(cat /etc/config/color)" > /pod-data/index.html;
              sleep 10; done;

Response: This yaml code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Create the Deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/deployments/deployment-with-configmap-two-containers.yaml

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Check the pods for this Deployment to ensure they are ready (matching by selector):

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Check the pods for this Deployment to ensure they are ready (matching by selector):


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get pods --selector=app.kubernetes.io/name=configmap-two-containers

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see an output similar to:

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see an output similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME                                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
configmap-two-containers-565fb6d4f4-2xhxf   2/2     Running   0          20s

Response:
configmap-two-containers-565fb6d4f4-g5v4j   2/2     Running   0          20s
configmap-two-containers-565fb6d4f4-mzsmf   2/2     Running   0          20s

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Expose the Deployment (the kubectl tool creates a Service for you):


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
configmap-two-containers-565fb6d4f4-2xhxf   2/2     Running   0          20s
configmap-two-containers-565fb6d4f4-g5v4j   2/2     Running   0          20s
configmap-two-containers-565fb6d4f4-mzsmf   2/2     Running   0          20s

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Expose the Deployment (the kubectl tool creates a Service for you):


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl expose deployment configmap-two-containers --name=configmap-service --port=8080 --target-port=80

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Use kubectl to forward the port:

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Use kubectl to forward the port:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# this stays running in the background
kubectl port-forward service/configmap-service 8080:8080 &

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Access the service.

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Access the service.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Fri Jan  5 08:08:22 UTC 2024 My preferred color is red

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Edit the ConfigMap:

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Edit the ConfigMap:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
data:
  color: blue
kind: ConfigMap
# You can leave the existing metadata as they are.
# The values you'll see won't exactly match these.

Response:
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2024-01-05T08:12:05Z"
  name: color
  namespace: configmap
  resourceVersion: "1801272"
  uid: 80d33e4a-cbb4-4bc9-ba8c-544c68e425d6

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Loop over the service URL for few seconds.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
data:
  color: blue
kind: ConfigMap
# You can leave the existing metadata as they are.
# The values you'll see won't exactly match these.
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2024-01-05T08:12:05Z"
  name: color
  namespace: configmap
  resourceVersion: "1801272"
  uid: 80d33e4a-cbb4-4bc9-ba8c-544c68e425d6

Response: This yaml code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Loop over the service URL for few seconds.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Cancel this when you're happy with it (Ctrl-C)
while true; do curl --connect-timeout 7.5 http://localhost:8080; sleep 10; done

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see the output change as follows:

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see the output change as follows:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Fri Jan  5 08:14:00 UTC 2024 My preferred color is red
Fri Jan  5 08:14:02 UTC 2024 My preferred color is red
Fri Jan  5 08:14:20 UTC 2024 My preferred color is red

Response:
Fri Jan  5 08:14:22 UTC 2024 My preferred color is red
Fri Jan  5 08:14:32 UTC 2024 My preferred color is blue
Fri Jan  5 08:14:43 UTC 2024 My preferred color is blue
Fri Jan  5 08:15:00 UTC 2024 My preferred color is blue

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | The above scenario can be replicated by using a Sidecar Container as a helper container to write the HTML file.As a Sidecar Container is conceptually an Init Container, it is guaranteed to start befor


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Fri Jan  5 08:14:00 UTC 2024 My preferred color is red
Fri Jan  5 08:14:02 UTC 2024 My preferred color is red
Fri Jan  5 08:14:20 UTC 2024 My preferred color is red
Fri Jan  5 08:14:22 UTC 2024 My preferred color is red
Fri Jan  5 08:14:32 UTC 2024 My preferred color is blue
Fri Jan  5 08:14:43 UTC 2024 My preferred color is blue
Fri Jan  5 08:15:00 UTC 2024 My preferred color is blue

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | The above scenario can be replicated by using a Sidecar Container as a helper container to write the HTML file.As a Sidecar Container is conceptually an Init Container, it is guaranteed to start befor


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl create configmap color --from-literal=color=blue

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Below is an example manifest for a Deployment that manages a set of Pods, each with a main container and a sidecar container. The two containers share an emptyDir volume that they use to communicate.

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Below is an example manifest for a Deployment that manages a set of Pods, each with a main container and a sidecar container. The two containers share an emptyDir volume that they use to communicate.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: configmap-sidecar-container
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-sidecar-container
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-sidecar-container
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-sidecar-container
    spec:
      volumes:
        - name: shared-data
          emptyDir: {}
        - name: config-volume
          configMap:

Response:
            name: color
      containers:
        - name: nginx
          image: nginx
          volumeMounts:
            - name: shared-data
              mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
      initContainers:
        - name: alpine
          image: alpine:3
          restartPolicy: Always
          volumeMounts:
            - name: shared-data
              mountPath: /pod-data
            - name: config-volume
              mountPath: /etc/config
          command:
            - /bin/sh
            - -c
            - while true; do echo "$(date) My preferred color is $(cat /etc/config/color)" > /pod-data/index.html;
              sleep 10; done;


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: configmap-sidecar-container
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-sidecar-container
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-sidecar-container
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: configmap-sidecar-container
    spec:
      volumes:
        - name: shared-data
          emptyDir: {}
        - name: config-volume
          configMap:
            name: color
      containers:
        - name: nginx
          image: nginx
          volumeMounts:
            - name: shared-data
              mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
      initContainers:
        - name: alpine
          image: alpine:3
          restartPolicy: Always
          volumeMounts:
            - name: shared-data
              mountPath: /pod-data
            - name: config-volume
              mountPath: /etc/config
          command:
            - /bin/sh
            - -c
            - while true; do echo "$(date) My preferred color is $(cat /etc/config/color)" > /pod-data/index.html;
              sleep 10; done;

Response: This yaml code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Create the Deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/deployments/deployment-with-configmap-and-sidecar-container.yaml

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Check the pods for this Deployment to ensure they are ready (matching by selector):


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get pods --selector=app.kubernetes.io/name=configmap-sidecar-container

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see an output similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME                                           READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
configmap-sidecar-container-5fb59f558b-87rp7   2/2     Running   0          94s

Response:
configmap-sidecar-container-5fb59f558b-ccs7s   2/2     Running   0          94s
configmap-sidecar-container-5fb59f558b-wnmgk   2/2     Running   0          94s


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                                           READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
configmap-sidecar-container-5fb59f558b-87rp7   2/2     Running   0          94s
configmap-sidecar-container-5fb59f558b-ccs7s   2/2     Running   0          94s
configmap-sidecar-container-5fb59f558b-wnmgk   2/2     Running   0          94s

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Expose the Deployment (the kubectl tool creates a Service for you):


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl expose deployment configmap-sidecar-container --name=configmap-sidecar-service --port=8081 --target-port=80

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Use kubectl to forward the port:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# this stays running in the background
kubectl port-forward service/configmap-sidecar-service 8081:8081 &

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Access the service.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Sat Feb 17 13:09:05 UTC 2024 My preferred color is blue

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Edit the ConfigMap:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
data:
  color: green
kind: ConfigMap
# You can leave the existing metadata as they are.
# The values you'll see won't exactly match these.

Response:
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2024-02-17T12:20:30Z"
  name: color
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "1054"
  uid: e40bb34c-58df-4280-8bea-6ed16edccfaa


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
data:
  color: green
kind: ConfigMap
# You can leave the existing metadata as they are.
# The values you'll see won't exactly match these.
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2024-02-17T12:20:30Z"
  name: color
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "1054"
  uid: e40bb34c-58df-4280-8bea-6ed16edccfaa

Response: This yaml code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Loop over the service URL for few seconds.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Cancel this when you're happy with it (Ctrl-C)
while true; do curl --connect-timeout 7.5 http://localhost:8081; sleep 10; done

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see the output change as follows:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Sat Feb 17 13:12:35 UTC 2024 My preferred color is blue
Sat Feb 17 13:12:45 UTC 2024 My preferred color is blue
Sat Feb 17 13:12:55 UTC 2024 My preferred color is blue

Response:
Sat Feb 17 13:13:05 UTC 2024 My preferred color is blue
Sat Feb 17 13:13:15 UTC 2024 My preferred color is green
Sat Feb 17 13:13:25 UTC 2024 My preferred color is green
Sat Feb 17 13:13:35 UTC 2024 My preferred color is green

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Immutable ConfigMaps are especially used for configuration that is constant and is not expected to change over time. Marking a ConfigMap as immutable allows a performance improvement where the kubelet


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Sat Feb 17 13:12:35 UTC 2024 My preferred color is blue
Sat Feb 17 13:12:45 UTC 2024 My preferred color is blue
Sat Feb 17 13:12:55 UTC 2024 My preferred color is blue
Sat Feb 17 13:13:05 UTC 2024 My preferred color is blue
Sat Feb 17 13:13:15 UTC 2024 My preferred color is green
Sat Feb 17 13:13:25 UTC 2024 My preferred color is green
Sat Feb 17 13:13:35 UTC 2024 My preferred color is green

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Immutable ConfigMaps are especially used for configuration that is constant and is not expected to change over time. Marking a ConfigMap as immutable allows a performance improvement where the kubelet


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
data:
  company_name: "ACME, Inc." # existing fictional company name

Response:
kind: ConfigMap
immutable: true
metadata:
  name: company-name-20150801

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Create the Immutable ConfigMap:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
data:
  company_name: "ACME, Inc." # existing fictional company name
kind: ConfigMap
immutable: true
metadata:
  name: company-name-20150801

Response: This yaml code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Create the Immutable ConfigMap:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/configmap/immutable-configmap.yaml

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Below is an example of a Deployment manifest with the Immutable ConfigMap company-name-20150801 mounted as a volume into the Pod's only container.

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Below is an example of a Deployment manifest with the Immutable ConfigMap company-name-20150801 mounted as a volume into the Pod's only container.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: immutable-configmap-volume
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: immutable-configmap-volume
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: immutable-configmap-volume
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: immutable-configmap-volume
    spec:

Response:
      containers:
        - name: alpine
          image: alpine:3
          command:
            - /bin/sh
            - -c
            - while true; do echo "$(date) The name of the company is $(cat /etc/config/company_name)";
              sleep 10; done;
          ports:
            - containerPort: 80
          volumeMounts:
            - name: config-volume
              mountPath: /etc/config
      volumes:
        - name: config-volume
          configMap:
            name: company-name-20150801


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: immutable-configmap-volume
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: immutable-configmap-volume
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: immutable-configmap-volume
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: immutable-configmap-volume
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: alpine
          image: alpine:3
          command:
            - /bin/sh
            - -c
            - while true; do echo "$(date) The name of the company is $(cat /etc/config/company_name)";
              sleep 10; done;
          ports:
            - containerPort: 80
          volumeMounts:
            - name: config-volume
              mountPath: /etc/config
      volumes:
        - name: config-volume
          configMap:
            name: company-name-20150801

Response: This yaml code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Create the Deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/deployments/deployment-with-immutable-configmap-as-volume.yaml

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Check the pods for this Deployment to ensure they are ready (matching by selector):


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get pods --selector=app.kubernetes.io/name=immutable-configmap-volume

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see an output similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME                                          READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
immutable-configmap-volume-78b6fbff95-5gsfh   1/1     Running   0          62s

Response:
immutable-configmap-volume-78b6fbff95-7vcj4   1/1     Running   0          62s
immutable-configmap-volume-78b6fbff95-vdslm   1/1     Running   0          62s

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | The Pod's container refers to the data defined in the ConfigMap and uses it to print a report to stdout. You can check this report by viewing the logs for one of the Pods in that Deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                                          READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
immutable-configmap-volume-78b6fbff95-5gsfh   1/1     Running   0          62s
immutable-configmap-volume-78b6fbff95-7vcj4   1/1     Running   0          62s
immutable-configmap-volume-78b6fbff95-vdslm   1/1     Running   0          62s

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | The Pod's container refers to the data defined in the ConfigMap and uses it to print a report to stdout. You can check this report by viewing the logs for one of the Pods in that Deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Pick one Pod that belongs to the Deployment, and view its logs
kubectl logs deployments/immutable-configmap-volume

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see an output similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Found 3 pods, using pod/immutable-configmap-volume-78b6fbff95-5gsfh
Wed Mar 20 03:52:34 UTC 2024 The name of the company is ACME, Inc.

Response:
Wed Mar 20 03:52:44 UTC 2024 The name of the company is ACME, Inc.
Wed Mar 20 03:52:54 UTC 2024 The name of the company is ACME, Inc.

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Create a new immutable ConfigMap by using the manifest shown below:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Found 3 pods, using pod/immutable-configmap-volume-78b6fbff95-5gsfh
Wed Mar 20 03:52:34 UTC 2024 The name of the company is ACME, Inc.
Wed Mar 20 03:52:44 UTC 2024 The name of the company is ACME, Inc.
Wed Mar 20 03:52:54 UTC 2024 The name of the company is ACME, Inc.

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Create a new immutable ConfigMap by using the manifest shown below:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
data:
  company_name: "Fiktivesunternehmen GmbH" # new fictional company name

Response:
kind: ConfigMap
immutable: true
metadata:
  name: company-name-20240312


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
data:
  company_name: "Fiktivesunternehmen GmbH" # new fictional company name
kind: ConfigMap
immutable: true
metadata:
  name: company-name-20240312

Response: This yaml code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see an output similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/configmap/new-immutable-configmap.yaml

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see an output similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                    DATA   AGE
company-name-20150801   1      22m
company-name-20240312   1      24s

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Modify the Deployment to reference the new ConfigMap.

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Modify the Deployment to reference the new ConfigMap.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

volumes:
- configMap:

Response:
    defaultMode: 420
    name: company-name-20240312 # Update this field
  name: config-volume

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see the following output:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

volumes:
- configMap:
    defaultMode: 420
    name: company-name-20240312 # Update this field
  name: config-volume

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see the following output:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get pods --selector=app.kubernetes.io/name=immutable-configmap-volume

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should eventually see an output similar to:

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should eventually see an output similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME                                          READY   STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE
immutable-configmap-volume-5fdb88fcc8-29v8n   1/1     Running       0          13s
immutable-configmap-volume-5fdb88fcc8-52ddd   1/1     Running       0          14s

Response:
immutable-configmap-volume-5fdb88fcc8-n5jx4   1/1     Running       0          15s
immutable-configmap-volume-78b6fbff95-5gsfh   1/1     Terminating   0          32m
immutable-configmap-volume-78b6fbff95-7vcj4   1/1     Terminating   0          32m
immutable-configmap-volume-78b6fbff95-vdslm   1/1     Terminating   0          32m


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                                          READY   STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE
immutable-configmap-volume-5fdb88fcc8-29v8n   1/1     Running       0          13s
immutable-configmap-volume-5fdb88fcc8-52ddd   1/1     Running       0          14s
immutable-configmap-volume-5fdb88fcc8-n5jx4   1/1     Running       0          15s
immutable-configmap-volume-78b6fbff95-5gsfh   1/1     Terminating   0          32m
immutable-configmap-volume-78b6fbff95-7vcj4   1/1     Terminating   0          32m
immutable-configmap-volume-78b6fbff95-vdslm   1/1     Terminating   0          32m

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should eventually see an output similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME                                          READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
immutable-configmap-volume-5fdb88fcc8-29v8n   1/1     Running   0          43s

Response:
immutable-configmap-volume-5fdb88fcc8-52ddd   1/1     Running   0          44s
immutable-configmap-volume-5fdb88fcc8-n5jx4   1/1     Running   0          45s

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | View the logs for a Pod in this Deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                                          READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
immutable-configmap-volume-5fdb88fcc8-29v8n   1/1     Running   0          43s
immutable-configmap-volume-5fdb88fcc8-52ddd   1/1     Running   0          44s
immutable-configmap-volume-5fdb88fcc8-n5jx4   1/1     Running   0          45s

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | View the logs for a Pod in this Deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Pick one Pod that belongs to the Deployment, and view its logs
kubectl logs deployment/immutable-configmap-volume

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see an output similar to the below:

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | You should see an output similar to the below:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Found 3 pods, using pod/immutable-configmap-volume-5fdb88fcc8-n5jx4
Wed Mar 20 04:24:17 UTC 2024 The name of the company is Fiktivesunternehmen GmbH

Response:
Wed Mar 20 04:24:27 UTC 2024 The name of the company is Fiktivesunternehmen GmbH
Wed Mar 20 04:24:37 UTC 2024 The name of the company is Fiktivesunternehmen GmbH

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Once all the deployments have migrated to use the new immutable ConfigMap, it is advised to delete the old one.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Found 3 pods, using pod/immutable-configmap-volume-5fdb88fcc8-n5jx4
Wed Mar 20 04:24:17 UTC 2024 The name of the company is Fiktivesunternehmen GmbH
Wed Mar 20 04:24:27 UTC 2024 The name of the company is Fiktivesunternehmen GmbH
Wed Mar 20 04:24:37 UTC 2024 The name of the company is Fiktivesunternehmen GmbH

Response: This text code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | Once all the deployments have migrated to use the new immutable ConfigMap, it is advised to delete the old one.


Prompt:
Complete this bash code:

kubectl delete deployment configmap-volume configmap-env-var configmap-two-containers configmap-sidecar-container immutable-configmap-volume
kubectl delete service configmap-service configmap-sidecar-service

Response:
kubectl delete configmap sport fruits color company-name-20240312

kubectl delete configmap company-name-20150801 # In case it was not handled during the task execution

Context: 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | This page provides a real world example of how to configure Redis using a ConfigMap and builds upon the Configure a Pod to Use a ConfigMap task.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl delete deployment configmap-volume configmap-env-var configmap-two-containers configmap-sidecar-container immutable-configmap-volume
kubectl delete service configmap-service configmap-sidecar-service
kubectl delete configmap sport fruits color company-name-20240312

kubectl delete configmap company-name-20150801 # In case it was not handled during the task execution

Response: This bash code 3.1 - Updating Configuration via a ConfigMap | This page provides a real world example of how to configure Redis using a ConfigMap and builds upon the Configure a Pod to Use a ConfigMap task.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

cat <<EOF >./example-redis-config.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:

Response:
  name: example-redis-config
data:
  redis-config: ""
EOF

Context: 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | Apply the ConfigMap created above, along with a Redis pod manifest:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

cat <<EOF >./example-redis-config.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: example-redis-config
data:
  redis-config: ""
EOF

Response: This yaml code 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | Apply the ConfigMap created above, along with a Redis pod manifest:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f example-redis-config.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/website/main/content/en/examples/pods/config/redis-pod.yaml

Response: This bash code 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | Examine the contents of the Redis pod manifest and note the following:

Context: 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | Examine the contents of the Redis pod manifest and note the following:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: redis
spec:
  containers:
  - name: redis
    image: redis:8.0.2
    command:
      - redis-server
      - "/redis-master/redis.conf"
    env:
    - name: MASTER
      value: "true"
    ports:
    - containerPort: 6379

Response:
    resources:
      limits:
        cpu: "0.1"
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /redis-master-data
      name: data
    - mountPath: /redis-master
      name: config
  volumes:
    - name: data
      emptyDir: {}
    - name: config
      configMap:
        name: example-redis-config
        items:
        - key: redis-config
          path: redis.conf

Context: 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | Examine the created objects:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: redis
spec:
  containers:
  - name: redis
    image: redis:8.0.2
    command:
      - redis-server
      - "/redis-master/redis.conf"
    env:
    - name: MASTER
      value: "true"
    ports:
    - containerPort: 6379
    resources:
      limits:
        cpu: "0.1"
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /redis-master-data
      name: data
    - mountPath: /redis-master
      name: config
  volumes:
    - name: data
      emptyDir: {}
    - name: config
      configMap:
        name: example-redis-config
        items:
        - key: redis-config
          path: redis.conf

Response: This yaml code 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | Examine the created objects:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get pod/redis configmap/example-redis-config

Response: This bash code 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | You should see the following output:

Context: 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | You should see the following output:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/redis   1/1     Running   0          8s

Response:
NAME                             DATA   AGE
configmap/example-redis-config   1      14s

Context: 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | Recall that we left redis-config key in the example-redis-config ConfigMap blank:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/redis   1/1     Running   0          8s

NAME                             DATA   AGE
configmap/example-redis-config   1      14s

Response: This text code 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | Recall that we left redis-config key in the example-redis-config ConfigMap blank:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Name:         example-redis-config
Namespace:    default
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>

Response:
Data
====
redis-config:

Context: 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | Use kubectl exec to enter the pod and run the redis-cli tool to check the current configuration:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Name:         example-redis-config
Namespace:    default
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>

Data
====
redis-config:

Response: This text code 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | Use kubectl exec to enter the pod and run the redis-cli tool to check the current configuration:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: example-redis-config

Response:
data:
  redis-config: |
    maxmemory 2mb
    maxmemory-policy allkeys-lru

Context: 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | Apply the updated ConfigMap:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: example-redis-config
data:
  redis-config: |
    maxmemory 2mb
    maxmemory-policy allkeys-lru

Response: This yaml code 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | Apply the updated ConfigMap:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Name:         example-redis-config
Namespace:    default
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>

Response:
Data
====
redis-config:
----
maxmemory 2mb
maxmemory-policy allkeys-lru

Context: 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | Check the Redis Pod again using redis-cli via kubectl exec to see if the configuration was applied:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Name:         example-redis-config
Namespace:    default
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>

Data
====
redis-config:
----
maxmemory 2mb
maxmemory-policy allkeys-lru

Response: This text code 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | Check the Redis Pod again using redis-cli via kubectl exec to see if the configuration was applied:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl delete pod redis
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/website/main/content/en/examples/pods/config/redis-pod.yaml

Response: This bash code 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | Now re-check the configuration values one last time:

Context: 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | Now re-check the configuration values one last time:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl delete pod/redis configmap/example-redis-config

Response: This bash code 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | This section is relevant for people adopting a new built-in sidecar containers feature for their workloads.

Context: 3.2 - Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap | This section is relevant for people adopting a new built-in sidecar containers feature for their workloads.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get --raw /metrics | grep kubernetes_feature_enabled | grep SidecarContainers

Response: This bash code 3.3 - Adopting Sidecar Containers | For the individual node:

Context: 3.3 - Adopting Sidecar Containers | For the individual node:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get --raw /api/v1/nodes/<node-name>/proxy/metrics | grep kubernetes_feature_enabled | grep SidecarContainers

Response: This bash code 3.3 - Adopting Sidecar Containers | If you see something like this:

Context: 3.3 - Adopting Sidecar Containers | If you see something like this:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

kubernetes_feature_enabled{name="SidecarContainers",stage="BETA"} 1

Response: This text code 3.3 - Adopting Sidecar Containers | it means that the feature is enabled.

Context: 3.3 - Adopting Sidecar Containers | it means that the feature is enabled.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Creating cluster "psa-wo-cluster-pss" ...
✓ Ensuring node image (kindest/node:v1.34.0) 🖼
✓ Preparing nodes 📦
✓ Writing configuration 📜
✓ Starting control-plane 🕹
✓ Installing CNI 🔌

Response:
✓ Installing StorageClass 💾
Set kubectl context to "kind-psa-wo-cluster-pss"
You can now use your cluster with:

kubectl cluster-info --context kind-psa-wo-cluster-pss

Thanks for using kind! 😊

Context: 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Set the kubectl context to the new cluster:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Creating cluster "psa-wo-cluster-pss" ...
✓ Ensuring node image (kindest/node:v1.34.0) 🖼
✓ Preparing nodes 📦
✓ Writing configuration 📜
✓ Starting control-plane 🕹
✓ Installing CNI 🔌
✓ Installing StorageClass 💾
Set kubectl context to "kind-psa-wo-cluster-pss"
You can now use your cluster with:

kubectl cluster-info --context kind-psa-wo-cluster-pss

Thanks for using kind! 😊

Response: This text code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Set the kubectl context to the new cluster:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl cluster-info --context kind-psa-wo-cluster-pss

Response: This bash code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | The output is similar to this:

Context: 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Kubernetes control plane is running at https://127.0.0.1:61350

Response:
CoreDNS is running at https://127.0.0.1:61350/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns:dns/proxy

To further debug and diagnose cluster problems, use 'kubectl cluster-info dump'.

Context: 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Get a list of namespaces in the cluster:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Kubernetes control plane is running at https://127.0.0.1:61350

CoreDNS is running at https://127.0.0.1:61350/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns:dns/proxy

To further debug and diagnose cluster problems, use 'kubectl cluster-info dump'.

Response: This text code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Get a list of namespaces in the cluster:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME                 STATUS   AGE
default              Active   9m30s
kube-node-lease      Active   9m32s

Response:
kube-public          Active   9m32s
kube-system          Active   9m32s
local-path-storage   Active   9m26s

Context: 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Use --dry-run=server to understand what happens when different Pod Security Standards are applied:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                 STATUS   AGE
default              Active   9m30s
kube-node-lease      Active   9m32s
kube-public          Active   9m32s
kube-system          Active   9m32s
local-path-storage   Active   9m26s

Response: This text code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Use --dry-run=server to understand what happens when different Pod Security Standards are applied:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl label --dry-run=server --overwrite ns --all \
pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce=privileged

Response: This bash code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | The output is similar to:

Context: 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

namespace/default labeled
namespace/kube-node-lease labeled

Response:
namespace/kube-public labeled
namespace/kube-system labeled
namespace/local-path-storage labeled

Context: 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Baseline


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

namespace/default labeled
namespace/kube-node-lease labeled
namespace/kube-public labeled
namespace/kube-system labeled
namespace/local-path-storage labeled

Response: This text code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Baseline


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl label --dry-run=server --overwrite ns --all \
pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce=baseline

Response: This bash code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

namespace/default labeled
namespace/kube-node-lease labeled
namespace/kube-public labeled
Warning: existing pods in namespace "kube-system" violate the new PodSecurity enforce level "baseline:latest"

Response:
Warning: etcd-psa-wo-cluster-pss-control-plane (and 3 other pods): host namespaces, hostPath volumes
Warning: kindnet-vzj42: non-default capabilities, host namespaces, hostPath volumes
Warning: kube-proxy-m6hwf: host namespaces, hostPath volumes, privileged
namespace/kube-system labeled
namespace/local-path-storage labeled

Context: 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Restricted


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

namespace/default labeled
namespace/kube-node-lease labeled
namespace/kube-public labeled
Warning: existing pods in namespace "kube-system" violate the new PodSecurity enforce level "baseline:latest"
Warning: etcd-psa-wo-cluster-pss-control-plane (and 3 other pods): host namespaces, hostPath volumes
Warning: kindnet-vzj42: non-default capabilities, host namespaces, hostPath volumes
Warning: kube-proxy-m6hwf: host namespaces, hostPath volumes, privileged
namespace/kube-system labeled
namespace/local-path-storage labeled

Response: This text code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Restricted


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl label --dry-run=server --overwrite ns --all \
pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce=restricted

Response: This bash code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

namespace/default labeled
namespace/kube-node-lease labeled
namespace/kube-public labeled
Warning: existing pods in namespace "kube-system" violate the new PodSecurity enforce level "restricted:latest"
Warning: coredns-7bb9c7b568-hsptc (and 1 other pod): unrestricted capabilities, runAsNonRoot != true, seccompProfile
Warning: etcd-psa-wo-cluster-pss-control-plane (and 3 other pods): host namespaces, hostPath volumes, allowPrivilegeEscalation != false, unrestricted capabilities, restricted volume types, runAsNonRoot != true

Response:
Warning: kindnet-vzj42: non-default capabilities, host namespaces, hostPath volumes, allowPrivilegeEscalation != false, unrestricted capabilities, restricted volume types, runAsNonRoot != true, seccompProfile
Warning: kube-proxy-m6hwf: host namespaces, hostPath volumes, privileged, allowPrivilegeEscalation != false, unrestricted capabilities, restricted volume types, runAsNonRoot != true, seccompProfile
namespace/kube-system labeled
Warning: existing pods in namespace "local-path-storage" violate the new PodSecurity enforce level "restricted:latest"
Warning: local-path-provisioner-d6d9f7ffc-lw9lh: allowPrivilegeEscalation != false, unrestricted capabilities, runAsNonRoot != true, seccompProfile
namespace/local-path-storage labeled

Context: 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | From the previous output, you'll notice that applying the privileged Pod Security Standard shows no warnings for any namespaces. However, baseline and restricted standards both have warnings, specific


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

namespace/default labeled
namespace/kube-node-lease labeled
namespace/kube-public labeled
Warning: existing pods in namespace "kube-system" violate the new PodSecurity enforce level "restricted:latest"
Warning: coredns-7bb9c7b568-hsptc (and 1 other pod): unrestricted capabilities, runAsNonRoot != true, seccompProfile
Warning: etcd-psa-wo-cluster-pss-control-plane (and 3 other pods): host namespaces, hostPath volumes, allowPrivilegeEscalation != false, unrestricted capabilities, restricted volume types, runAsNonRoot != true
Warning: kindnet-vzj42: non-default capabilities, host namespaces, hostPath volumes, allowPrivilegeEscalation != false, unrestricted capabilities, restricted volume types, runAsNonRoot != true, seccompProfile
Warning: kube-proxy-m6hwf: host namespaces, hostPath volumes, privileged, allowPrivilegeEscalation != false, unrestricted capabilities, restricted volume types, runAsNonRoot != true, seccompProfile
namespace/kube-system labeled
Warning: existing pods in namespace "local-path-storage" violate the new PodSecurity enforce level "restricted:latest"
Warning: local-path-provisioner-d6d9f7ffc-lw9lh: allowPrivilegeEscalation != false, unrestricted capabilities, runAsNonRoot != true, seccompProfile
namespace/local-path-storage labeled

Response: This text code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | From the previous output, you'll notice that applying the privileged Pod Security Standard shows no warnings for any namespaces. However, baseline and restricted standards both have warnings, specific


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

mkdir -p /tmp/pss
cat <<EOF > /tmp/pss/cluster-level-pss.yaml
apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: AdmissionConfiguration
plugins:
- name: PodSecurity
  configuration:
    apiVersion: pod-security.admission.config.k8s.io/v1
    kind: PodSecurityConfiguration
    defaults:

Response:
      enforce: "baseline"
      enforce-version: "latest"
      audit: "restricted"
      audit-version: "latest"
      warn: "restricted"
      warn-version: "latest"
    exemptions:
      usernames: []
      runtimeClasses: []
      namespaces: [kube-system]
EOF

Context: 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Configure the API server to consume this file during cluster creation:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

mkdir -p /tmp/pss
cat <<EOF > /tmp/pss/cluster-level-pss.yaml
apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: AdmissionConfiguration
plugins:
- name: PodSecurity
  configuration:
    apiVersion: pod-security.admission.config.k8s.io/v1
    kind: PodSecurityConfiguration
    defaults:
      enforce: "baseline"
      enforce-version: "latest"
      audit: "restricted"
      audit-version: "latest"
      warn: "restricted"
      warn-version: "latest"
    exemptions:
      usernames: []
      runtimeClasses: []
      namespaces: [kube-system]
EOF

Response: This yaml code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Configure the API server to consume this file during cluster creation:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

cat <<EOF > /tmp/pss/cluster-config.yaml
kind: Cluster
apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4
nodes:
- role: control-plane
  kubeadmConfigPatches:
  - |
    kind: ClusterConfiguration
    apiServer:
        extraArgs:
          admission-control-config-file: /etc/config/cluster-level-pss.yaml
        extraVolumes:
          - name: accf
            hostPath: /etc/config
            mountPath: /etc/config

Response:
            readOnly: false
            pathType: "DirectoryOrCreate"
  extraMounts:
  - hostPath: /tmp/pss
    containerPath: /etc/config
    # optional: if set, the mount is read-only.
    # default false
    readOnly: false
    # optional: if set, the mount needs SELinux relabeling.
    # default false
    selinuxRelabel: false
    # optional: set propagation mode (None, HostToContainer or Bidirectional)
    # see https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#mount-propagation
    # default None
    propagation: None
EOF

Context: 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Create a cluster that uses Pod Security Admission to apply these Pod Security Standards:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

cat <<EOF > /tmp/pss/cluster-config.yaml
kind: Cluster
apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4
nodes:
- role: control-plane
  kubeadmConfigPatches:
  - |
    kind: ClusterConfiguration
    apiServer:
        extraArgs:
          admission-control-config-file: /etc/config/cluster-level-pss.yaml
        extraVolumes:
          - name: accf
            hostPath: /etc/config
            mountPath: /etc/config
            readOnly: false
            pathType: "DirectoryOrCreate"
  extraMounts:
  - hostPath: /tmp/pss
    containerPath: /etc/config
    # optional: if set, the mount is read-only.
    # default false
    readOnly: false
    # optional: if set, the mount needs SELinux relabeling.
    # default false
    selinuxRelabel: false
    # optional: set propagation mode (None, HostToContainer or Bidirectional)
    # see https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#mount-propagation
    # default None
    propagation: None
EOF

Response: This yaml code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Create a cluster that uses Pod Security Admission to apply these Pod Security Standards:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

kind create cluster --name psa-with-cluster-pss --config /tmp/pss/cluster-config.yaml

Response: This text code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Creating cluster "psa-with-cluster-pss" ...
 ✓ Ensuring node image (kindest/node:v1.34.0) 🖼
 ✓ Preparing nodes 📦
 ✓ Writing configuration 📜
 ✓ Starting control-plane 🕹
 ✓ Installing CNI 🔌

Response:
 ✓ Installing StorageClass 💾
Set kubectl context to "kind-psa-with-cluster-pss"
You can now use your cluster with:

kubectl cluster-info --context kind-psa-with-cluster-pss

Have a question, bug, or feature request? Let us know! https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/#community 🙂

Context: 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Point kubectl to the cluster:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Creating cluster "psa-with-cluster-pss" ...
 ✓ Ensuring node image (kindest/node:v1.34.0) 🖼
 ✓ Preparing nodes 📦
 ✓ Writing configuration 📜
 ✓ Starting control-plane 🕹
 ✓ Installing CNI 🔌
 ✓ Installing StorageClass 💾
Set kubectl context to "kind-psa-with-cluster-pss"
You can now use your cluster with:

kubectl cluster-info --context kind-psa-with-cluster-pss

Have a question, bug, or feature request? Let us know! https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/#community 🙂

Response: This text code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Point kubectl to the cluster:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl cluster-info --context kind-psa-with-cluster-pss

Response: This bash code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Kubernetes control plane is running at https://127.0.0.1:63855
CoreDNS is running at https://127.0.0.1:63855/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns:dns/proxy

Response: To further debug and diagnose cluster problems, use 'kubectl cluster-info dump'.

Context: 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Create a Pod in the default namespace:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Kubernetes control plane is running at https://127.0.0.1:63855
CoreDNS is running at https://127.0.0.1:63855/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns:dns/proxy

To further debug and diagnose cluster problems, use 'kubectl cluster-info dump'.

Response: This text code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Create a Pod in the default namespace:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
 kind: Pod
 metadata:
   name: nginx
 spec:

Response:
   containers:
     - image: nginx
       name: nginx
       ports:
         - containerPort: 80

Context: 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | The pod is started normally, but the output includes a warning:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
 kind: Pod
 metadata:
   name: nginx
 spec:
   containers:
     - image: nginx
       name: nginx
       ports:
         - containerPort: 80

Response: This yaml code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | The pod is started normally, but the output includes a warning:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/security/example-baseline-pod.yaml

Response: This bash code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | The pod is started normally, but the output includes a warning:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Warning: would violate PodSecurity "restricted:latest": allowPrivilegeEscalation != false (container "nginx" must set securityContext.allowPrivilegeEscalation=false), unrestricted capabilities (container "nginx" must set securityContext.capabilities.drop=["ALL"]), runAsNonRoot != true (pod or container "nginx" must set securityContext.runAsNonRoot=true), seccompProfile (pod or container "nginx" must set securityContext.seccompProfile.type to "RuntimeDefault" or "Localhost")
pod/nginx created

Response: This text code 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Now delete the clusters which you created above by running the following command:

Context: 4.1 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Cluster Level | Now delete the clusters which you created above by running the following command:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Creating cluster "psa-ns-level" ...
 ✓ Ensuring node image (kindest/node:v1.34.0) 🖼
 ✓ Preparing nodes 📦
 ✓ Writing configuration 📜
 ✓ Starting control-plane 🕹
 ✓ Installing CNI 🔌

Response:
 ✓ Installing StorageClass 💾
Set kubectl context to "kind-psa-ns-level"
You can now use your cluster with:

kubectl cluster-info --context kind-psa-ns-level

Not sure what to do next? 😅  Check out https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/docs/user/quick-start/

Context: 4.2 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Namespace Level | Set the kubectl context to the new cluster:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Creating cluster "psa-ns-level" ...
 ✓ Ensuring node image (kindest/node:v1.34.0) 🖼
 ✓ Preparing nodes 📦
 ✓ Writing configuration 📜
 ✓ Starting control-plane 🕹
 ✓ Installing CNI 🔌
 ✓ Installing StorageClass 💾
Set kubectl context to "kind-psa-ns-level"
You can now use your cluster with:

kubectl cluster-info --context kind-psa-ns-level

Not sure what to do next? 😅  Check out https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/docs/user/quick-start/

Response: This text code 4.2 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Namespace Level | Set the kubectl context to the new cluster:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Kubernetes control plane is running at https://127.0.0.1:50996
CoreDNS is running at https://127.0.0.1:50996/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns:dns/proxy

Response: To further debug and diagnose cluster problems, use 'kubectl cluster-info dump'.

Context: 4.2 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Namespace Level | Create a new namespace called example:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Kubernetes control plane is running at https://127.0.0.1:50996
CoreDNS is running at https://127.0.0.1:50996/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns:dns/proxy

To further debug and diagnose cluster problems, use 'kubectl cluster-info dump'.

Response: This text code 4.2 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Namespace Level | Create a new namespace called example:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl label --overwrite ns example \
   pod-security.kubernetes.io/warn=baseline \
   pod-security.kubernetes.io/warn-version=latest

Response: This bash code 4.2 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Namespace Level | You can configure multiple pod security standard checks on any namespace, using labels. The following command will enforce the baseline Pod Security Standard, but warn and audit for restricted Pod Sec

Context: 4.2 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Namespace Level | You can configure multiple pod security standard checks on any namespace, using labels. The following command will enforce the baseline Pod Security Standard, but warn and audit for restricted Pod Sec


Prompt:
Complete this bash code:

kubectl label --overwrite ns example \
  pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce=baseline \
  pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce-version=latest \

Response:
  pod-security.kubernetes.io/warn=restricted \
  pod-security.kubernetes.io/warn-version=latest \
  pod-security.kubernetes.io/audit=restricted \
  pod-security.kubernetes.io/audit-version=latest

Context: 4.2 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Namespace Level | Create a baseline Pod in the example namespace:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl label --overwrite ns example \
  pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce=baseline \
  pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce-version=latest \
  pod-security.kubernetes.io/warn=restricted \
  pod-security.kubernetes.io/warn-version=latest \
  pod-security.kubernetes.io/audit=restricted \
  pod-security.kubernetes.io/audit-version=latest

Response: This bash code 4.2 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Namespace Level | Create a baseline Pod in the example namespace:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -n example -f https://k8s.io/examples/security/example-baseline-pod.yaml

Response: This bash code 4.2 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Namespace Level | The Pod does start OK; the output includes a warning. For example:

Context: 4.2 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Namespace Level | The Pod does start OK; the output includes a warning. For example:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Warning: would violate PodSecurity "restricted:latest": allowPrivilegeEscalation != false (container "nginx" must set securityContext.allowPrivilegeEscalation=false), unrestricted capabilities (container "nginx" must set securityContext.capabilities.drop=["ALL"]), runAsNonRoot != true (pod or container "nginx" must set securityContext.runAsNonRoot=true), seccompProfile (pod or container "nginx" must set securityContext.seccompProfile.type to "RuntimeDefault" or "Localhost")
pod/nginx created

Response: This text code 4.2 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Namespace Level | Create a baseline Pod in the default namespace:

Context: 4.2 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Namespace Level | Create a baseline Pod in the default namespace:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -n default -f https://k8s.io/examples/security/example-baseline-pod.yaml

Response: This bash code 4.2 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Namespace Level | Output is similar to this:

Context: 4.2 - Apply Pod Security Standards at the Namespace Level | Output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

ssh gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-gyn2 "sudo cat /sys/kernel/security/apparmor/profiles | sort"

Response: This text code 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | For more details on loading profiles on nodes, see Setting up nodes with profiles.

Context: 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | For more details on loading profiles on nodes, see Setting up nodes with profiles.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

apparmor-test-deny-write (enforce)
apparmor-test-audit-write (enforce)

Response:
docker-default (enforce)
k8s-nginx (enforce)


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

apparmor-test-deny-write (enforce)
apparmor-test-audit-write (enforce)
docker-default (enforce)
k8s-nginx (enforce)

Response: This text code 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | For more details on loading profiles on nodes, see Setting up nodes with profiles.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

securityContext:
  appArmorProfile:
    type: <profile_type>

Response: This text code 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Where <profile_type> is one of:

Context: 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Where <profile_type> is one of:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl exec <pod_name> -- cat /proc/1/attr/current

Response: This bash code 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The output should look something like this:

Context: 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The output should look something like this:


Prompt:
Complete this cpp code:

#include <tunables/global>

profile k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write flags=(attach_disconnected) {
  #include <abstractions/base>

Response:
  file,

  # Deny all file writes.
  deny /** w,
}

Context: 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The profile needs to be loaded onto all nodes, since you don't know where the pod will be scheduled. For this example you can use SSH to install the profiles, but other approaches are discussed in Set


Prompt:
Explain this cpp code:

#include <tunables/global>

profile k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write flags=(attach_disconnected) {
  #include <abstractions/base>

  file,

  # Deny all file writes.
  deny /** w,
}

Response: This cpp code 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The profile needs to be loaded onto all nodes, since you don't know where the pod will be scheduled. For this example you can use SSH to install the profiles, but other approaches are discussed in Set


Prompt:
Complete this cpp code:

# This example assumes that node names match host names, and are reachable via SSH.
NODES=($( kubectl get node -o jsonpath='{.items[*].status.addresses[?(.type == "Hostname")].address}' ))

for NODE in ${NODES[*]}; do ssh $NODE 'sudo apparmor_parser -q <<EOF
#include <tunables/global>

profile k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write flags=(attach_disconnected) {
  #include <abstractions/base>

Response:
  file,

  # Deny all file writes.
  deny /** w,
}
EOF'
done

Context: 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Next, run a simple "Hello AppArmor" Pod with the deny-write profile:


Prompt:
Explain this cpp code:

# This example assumes that node names match host names, and are reachable via SSH.
NODES=($( kubectl get node -o jsonpath='{.items[*].status.addresses[?(.type == "Hostname")].address}' ))

for NODE in ${NODES[*]}; do ssh $NODE 'sudo apparmor_parser -q <<EOF
#include <tunables/global>

profile k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write flags=(attach_disconnected) {
  #include <abstractions/base>

  file,

  # Deny all file writes.
  deny /** w,
}
EOF'
done

Response: This cpp code 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Next, run a simple "Hello AppArmor" Pod with the deny-write profile:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor
spec:
  securityContext:

Response:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]

Context: 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | You can verify that the container is actually running with that profile by checking /proc/1/attr/current:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor
spec:
  securityContext:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]

Response: This yaml code 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | You can verify that the container is actually running with that profile by checking /proc/1/attr/current:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl exec hello-apparmor -- cat /proc/1/attr/current

Response: This bash code 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The output should be:

Context: 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | The output should be:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

touch: /tmp/test: Permission denied
error: error executing remote command: command terminated with non-zero exit code: Error executing in Docker Container: 1

Response: This text code 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | To wrap up, see what happens if you try to specify a profile that hasn't been loaded:

Context: 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | To wrap up, see what happens if you try to specify a profile that hasn't been loaded:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

kubectl create -f /dev/stdin <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor-2
spec:
  securityContext:

Response:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]
EOF

Context: 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Although the Pod was created successfully, further examination will show that it is stuck in pending:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

kubectl create -f /dev/stdin <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hello-apparmor-2
spec:
  securityContext:
    appArmorProfile:
      type: Localhost
      localhostProfile: k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
  containers:
  - name: hello
    image: busybox:1.28
    command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h" ]
EOF

Response: This yaml code 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Although the Pod was created successfully, further examination will show that it is stuck in pending:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Name:          hello-apparmor-2
Namespace:     default
Node:          gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-x1kf/10.128.0.27
Start Time:    Tue, 30 Aug 2016 17:58:56 -0700
Labels:        <none>
Annotations:   container.apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/hello=localhost/k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
Status:        Pending
...

Response:
Events:
  Type     Reason     Age              From               Message
  ----     ------     ----             ----               -------
  Normal   Scheduled  10s              default-scheduler  Successfully assigned default/hello-apparmor to gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-x1kf
  Normal   Pulled     8s               kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.28" in 370.157088ms (370.172701ms including waiting)
  Normal   Pulling    7s (x2 over 9s)  kubelet            Pulling image "busybox:1.28"
  Warning  Failed     7s (x2 over 8s)  kubelet            Error: failed to get container spec opts: failed to generate apparmor spec opts: apparmor profile not found k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
  Normal   Pulled     7s               kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.28" in 90.980331ms (91.005869ms including waiting)

Context: 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | An Event provides the error message with the reason, the specific wording is runtime-dependent:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Name:          hello-apparmor-2
Namespace:     default
Node:          gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-x1kf/10.128.0.27
Start Time:    Tue, 30 Aug 2016 17:58:56 -0700
Labels:        <none>
Annotations:   container.apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/hello=localhost/k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
Status:        Pending
...
Events:
  Type     Reason     Age              From               Message
  ----     ------     ----             ----               -------
  Normal   Scheduled  10s              default-scheduler  Successfully assigned default/hello-apparmor to gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-x1kf
  Normal   Pulled     8s               kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.28" in 370.157088ms (370.172701ms including waiting)
  Normal   Pulling    7s (x2 over 9s)  kubelet            Pulling image "busybox:1.28"
  Warning  Failed     7s (x2 over 8s)  kubelet            Error: failed to get container spec opts: failed to generate apparmor spec opts: apparmor profile not found k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
  Normal   Pulled     7s               kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.28" in 90.980331ms (91.005869ms including waiting)

Response: This text code 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | An Event provides the error message with the reason, the specific wording is runtime-dependent:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Warning  Failed     7s (x2 over 8s)  kubelet            Error: failed to get container spec opts: failed to generate apparmor spec opts: apparmor profile not found

Response: This text code 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Kubernetes 1.34 does not provide any built-in mechanisms for loading AppArmor profiles onto Nodes. Profiles can be loaded through custom infrastructure or tools like the Kubernetes Security Profiles O

Context: 4.3 - Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor | Kubernetes 1.34 does not provide any built-in mechanisms for loading AppArmor profiles onto Nodes. Profiles can be loaded through custom infrastructure or tools like the Kubernetes Security Profiles O


Prompt:
Complete this json code:

{
    "defaultAction": "SCMP_ACT_ERRNO",
    "architectures": [
        "SCMP_ARCH_X86_64",
        "SCMP_ARCH_X86",
        "SCMP_ARCH_X32"
    ],
    "syscalls": [
        {
            "names": [
                "accept4",
                "epoll_wait",
                "pselect6",
                "futex",
                "madvise",
                "epoll_ctl",
                "getsockname",
                "setsockopt",
                "vfork",
                "mmap",
                "read",
                "write",
                "close",
                "arch_prctl",
                "sched_getaffinity",
                "munmap",
                "brk",
                "rt_sigaction",
                "rt_sigprocmask",
                "sigaltstack",
                "gettid",
                "clone",
                "bind",
                "socket",

Response:
                "openat",
                "readlinkat",
                "exit_group",
                "epoll_create1",
                "listen",
                "rt_sigreturn",
                "sched_yield",
                "clock_gettime",
                "connect",
                "dup2",
                "epoll_pwait",
                "execve",
                "exit",
                "fcntl",
                "getpid",
                "getuid",
                "ioctl",
                "mprotect",
                "nanosleep",
                "open",
                "poll",
                "recvfrom",
                "sendto",
                "set_tid_address",
                "setitimer",
                "writev",
                "fstatfs",
                "getdents64",
                "pipe2",
                "getrlimit"
            ],
            "action": "SCMP_ACT_ALLOW"
        }
    ]
}

Context: 4.4 - Restrict a Container's Syscalls with seccomp | Run these commands:


Prompt:
Explain this json code:

{
    "defaultAction": "SCMP_ACT_ERRNO",
    "architectures": [
        "SCMP_ARCH_X86_64",
        "SCMP_ARCH_X86",
        "SCMP_ARCH_X32"
    ],
    "syscalls": [
        {
            "names": [
                "accept4",
                "epoll_wait",
                "pselect6",
                "futex",
                "madvise",
                "epoll_ctl",
                "getsockname",
                "setsockopt",
                "vfork",
                "mmap",
                "read",
                "write",
                "close",
                "arch_prctl",
                "sched_getaffinity",
                "munmap",
                "brk",
                "rt_sigaction",
                "rt_sigprocmask",
                "sigaltstack",
                "gettid",
                "clone",
                "bind",
                "socket",
                "openat",
                "readlinkat",
                "exit_group",
                "epoll_create1",
                "listen",
                "rt_sigreturn",
                "sched_yield",
                "clock_gettime",
                "connect",
                "dup2",
                "epoll_pwait",
                "execve",
                "exit",
                "fcntl",
                "getpid",
                "getuid",
                "ioctl",
                "mprotect",
                "nanosleep",
                "open",
                "poll",
                "recvfrom",
                "sendto",
                "set_tid_address",
                "setitimer",
                "writev",
                "fstatfs",
                "getdents64",
                "pipe2",
                "getrlimit"
            ],
            "action": "SCMP_ACT_ALLOW"
        }
    ]
}

Response: This json code 4.4 - Restrict a Container's Syscalls with seccomp | Run these commands:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

mkdir ./profiles
curl -L -o profiles/audit.json https://k8s.io/examples/pods/security/seccomp/profiles/audit.json

Response:
curl -L -o profiles/violation.json https://k8s.io/examples/pods/security/seccomp/profiles/violation.json
curl -L -o profiles/fine-grained.json https://k8s.io/examples/pods/security/seccomp/profiles/fine-grained.json
ls profiles

Context: 4.4 - Restrict a Container's Syscalls with seccomp | You should see three profiles listed at the end of the final step:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

mkdir ./profiles
curl -L -o profiles/audit.json https://k8s.io/examples/pods/security/seccomp/profiles/audit.json
curl -L -o profiles/violation.json https://k8s.io/examples/pods/security/seccomp/profiles/violation.json
curl -L -o profiles/fine-grained.json https://k8s.io/examples/pods/security/seccomp/profiles/fine-grained.json
ls profiles

Response: This text code 4.4 - Restrict a Container's Syscalls with seccomp | You should see three profiles listed at the end of the final step:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4
kind: Cluster
nodes:

Response:
- role: control-plane
  extraMounts:
  - hostPath: "./profiles"
    containerPath: "/var/lib/kubelet/seccomp/profiles"

Context: 4.4 - Restrict a Container's Syscalls with seccomp | Download that example kind configuration, and save it to a file named kind.yaml:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4
kind: Cluster
nodes:
- role: control-plane
  extraMounts:
  - hostPath: "./profiles"
    containerPath: "/var/lib/kubelet/seccomp/profiles"

Response: This yaml code 4.4 - Restrict a Container's Syscalls with seccomp | Download that example kind configuration, and save it to a file named kind.yaml:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

curl -L -O https://k8s.io/examples/pods/security/seccomp/kind.yaml

Response: This text code 4.4 - Restrict a Container's Syscalls with seccomp | You can set a specific Kubernetes version by setting the node's container image. See Nodes within the kind documentation about configuration for more details on this. This tutorial assumes you are usi

Context: 4.4 - Restrict a Container's Syscalls with seccomp | You can set a specific Kubernetes version by setting the node's container image. See Nodes within the kind documentation about configuration for more details on this. This tutorial assumes you are usi


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                  COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                       NAMES
6a96207fed4b        kindest/node:v1.18.2   "/usr/local/bin/entr…"   27 seconds ago      Up 24 seconds       127.0.0.1:42223->6443/tcp   kind-control-plane

Response: This text code 4.4 - Restrict a Container's Syscalls with seccomp | If observing the filesystem of that container, you should see that the profiles/ directory has been successfully loaded into the default seccomp path of the kubelet. Use docker exec to run a command i

Context: 4.4 - Restrict a Container's Syscalls with seccomp | If observing the filesystem of that container, you should see that the profiles/ directory has been successfully loaded into the default seccomp path of the kubelet. Use docker exec to run a command i


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Change 6a96207fed4b to the container ID you saw from "docker ps"
docker exec -it 6a96207fed4b ls /var/lib/kubelet/seccomp/profiles

Response: This text code 4.4 - Restrict a Container's Syscalls with seccomp | You have verified that these seccomp profiles are available to the kubelet running within kind.

Context: 4.4 - Restrict a Container's Syscalls with seccomp | You have verified that these seccomp profiles are available to the kubelet running within kind.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: default-pod
  labels:
    app: default-pod
spec:
  securityContext:

Response:
    seccompProfile:
      type: RuntimeDefault
  containers:
  - name: test-container
    image: hashicorp/http-echo:1.0
    args:
    - "-text=just made some more syscalls!"
    securityContext:
      allowPrivilegeEscalation: false

Context: 4.4 - Restrict a Container's Syscalls with seccomp | Create that Pod: