Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

echo 'source <(kubectl completion bash)' >>~/.bashrc

Response: This bash code 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | kubectl completion bash | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/kubectl > /dev/null sudo chmod a+r /etc/bash_completion.d/kubectl

Context: 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | kubectl completion bash | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/kubectl > /dev/null sudo chmod a+r /etc/bash_completion.d/kubectl


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl completion bash | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/kubectl > /dev/null
sudo chmod a+r /etc/bash_completion.d/kubectl

Response: This bash code 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | If you have an alias for kubectl, you can extend shell completion to work with that alias:

Context: 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | If you have an alias for kubectl, you can extend shell completion to work with that alias:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

echo 'alias k=kubectl' >>~/.bashrc
echo 'complete -o default -F __start_kubectl k' >>~/.bashrc

Response: This bash code 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | Both approaches are equivalent. After reloading your shell, kubectl autocompletion should be working. To enable bash autocompletion in current session of shell, source the ~/.bashrc file:

Context: 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | Both approaches are equivalent. After reloading your shell, kubectl autocompletion should be working. To enable bash autocompletion in current session of shell, source the ~/.bashrc file:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl-convert"

Response: This bash code 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/arm64/kubectl-convert"

Context: 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/arm64/kubectl-convert"


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/arm64/kubectl-convert"

Response: This bash code 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | Validate the binary (optional)

Context: 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | Validate the binary (optional)


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl-convert.sha256"

Response: This bash code 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/arm64/kubectl-convert.sha256"

Context: 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/arm64/kubectl-convert.sha256"


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/arm64/kubectl-convert.sha256"

Response: This bash code 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | Validate the kubectl-convert binary against the checksum file:

Context: 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | Validate the kubectl-convert binary against the checksum file:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

echo "$(cat kubectl-convert.sha256) kubectl-convert" | sha256sum --check

Response: This bash code 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | If valid, the output is:

Context: 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | If valid, the output is:


Prompt:
Explain this console code:

kubectl-convert: FAILED
sha256sum: WARNING: 1 computed checksum did NOT match

Response: This console code 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | Install kubectl-convert

Context: 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | Install kubectl-convert


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

sudo install -o root -g root -m 0755 kubectl-convert /usr/local/bin/kubectl-convert

Response: This bash code 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | Verify plugin is successfully installed

Context: 1.1 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Linux | Verify plugin is successfully installed


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl"

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl"

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl"


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl"

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | To download a specific version, replace the $(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt) portion of the command with the specific version.

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | To download a specific version, replace the $(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt) portion of the command with the specific version.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/v1.34.0/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl"

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | And for macOS on Apple Silicon, type:

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | And for macOS on Apple Silicon, type:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/v1.34.0/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl"

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Validate the binary (optional)

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Validate the binary (optional)


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl.sha256"

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl.sha256"

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl.sha256"


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl.sha256"

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Validate the kubectl binary against the checksum file:

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Validate the kubectl binary against the checksum file:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

echo "$(cat kubectl.sha256)  kubectl" | shasum -a 256 --check

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | If valid, the output is:

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | If valid, the output is:


Prompt:
Explain this console code:

kubectl: FAILED
shasum: WARNING: 1 computed checksum did NOT match

Response: This console code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Make the kubectl binary executable.

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Make the kubectl binary executable.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

sudo mv ./kubectl /usr/local/bin/kubectl
sudo chown root: /usr/local/bin/kubectl

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Test to ensure the version you installed is up-to-date:

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Test to ensure the version you installed is up-to-date:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

The connection to the server <server-name:port> was refused - did you specify the right host or port?

Response: This text code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | For example, if you are intending to run a Kubernetes cluster on your laptop (locally), you will need a tool like Minikube to be installed first and then re-run the commands stated above.

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | For example, if you are intending to run a Kubernetes cluster on your laptop (locally), you will need a tool like Minikube to be installed first and then re-run the commands stated above.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

brew_etc="$(brew --prefix)/etc" && [[ -r "${brew_etc}/profile.d/bash_completion.sh" ]] && . "${brew_etc}/profile.d/bash_completion.sh"

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Reload your shell and verify that bash-completion v2 is correctly installed with type _init_completion.

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Reload your shell and verify that bash-completion v2 is correctly installed with type _init_completion.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

echo 'source <(kubectl completion bash)' >>~/.bash_profile

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Add the completion script to the /usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d directory:

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Add the completion script to the /usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d directory:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl completion bash >/usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d/kubectl

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | If you have an alias for kubectl, you can extend shell completion to work with that alias:

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | If you have an alias for kubectl, you can extend shell completion to work with that alias:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

echo 'alias k=kubectl' >>~/.bash_profile
echo 'complete -o default -F __start_kubectl k' >>~/.bash_profile

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | If you installed kubectl with Homebrew (as explained here), then the kubectl completion script should already be in /usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d/kubectl. In that case, you don't need to do anythin

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | If you installed kubectl with Homebrew (as explained here), then the kubectl completion script should already be in /usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d/kubectl. In that case, you don't need to do anythin


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl-convert"

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl-convert"

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl-convert"


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl-convert"

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Validate the binary (optional)


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl-convert.sha256"

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl-convert.sha256"

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl-convert.sha256"


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl-convert.sha256"

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Validate the kubectl-convert binary against the checksum file:

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Validate the kubectl-convert binary against the checksum file:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

echo "$(cat kubectl-convert.sha256)  kubectl-convert" | shasum -a 256 --check

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | If valid, the output is:


Prompt:
Explain this console code:

kubectl-convert: FAILED
shasum: WARNING: 1 computed checksum did NOT match

Response: This console code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Make kubectl-convert binary executable

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Make kubectl-convert binary executable


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

sudo mv ./kubectl-convert /usr/local/bin/kubectl-convert
sudo chown root: /usr/local/bin/kubectl-convert

Response: This bash code 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Verify plugin is successfully installed

Context: 1.2 - Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS | Verify plugin is successfully installed


Prompt:
Explain this powershell code:

curl.exe -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/v1.34.0/bin/windows/amd64/kubectl.exe"

Response: This powershell code 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Validate the binary (optional)

Context: 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Validate the binary (optional)


Prompt:
Explain this powershell code:

curl.exe -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/v1.34.0/bin/windows/amd64/kubectl.exe.sha256"

Response: This powershell code 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Validate the kubectl binary against the checksum file:

Context: 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Validate the kubectl binary against the checksum file:


Prompt:
Explain this cmd code:

CertUtil -hashfile kubectl.exe SHA256
type kubectl.exe.sha256

Response: This cmd code 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Using PowerShell to automate the verification using the -eq operator to get a True or False result:

Context: 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Using PowerShell to automate the verification using the -eq operator to get a True or False result:


Prompt:
Explain this powershell code:

$(Get-FileHash -Algorithm SHA256 .\kubectl.exe).Hash -eq $(Get-Content .\kubectl.exe.sha256)

Response: This powershell code 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Append or prepend the kubectl binary folder to your PATH environment variable.

Context: 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Append or prepend the kubectl binary folder to your PATH environment variable.


Prompt:
Explain this powershell code:

# If you're using cmd.exe, run: cd %USERPROFILE%
cd ~

Response: This powershell code 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Create the .kube directory:

Context: 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Create the .kube directory:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

The connection to the server <server-name:port> was refused - did you specify the right host or port?

Response: This text code 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | For example, if you are intending to run a Kubernetes cluster on your laptop (locally), you will need a tool like Minikube to be installed first and then re-run the commands stated above.

Context: 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | For example, if you are intending to run a Kubernetes cluster on your laptop (locally), you will need a tool like Minikube to be installed first and then re-run the commands stated above.


Prompt:
Explain this powershell code:

kubectl completion powershell | Out-String | Invoke-Expression

Response: This powershell code 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | This command will regenerate the auto-completion script on every PowerShell start up. You can also add the generated script directly to your $PROFILE file.

Context: 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | This command will regenerate the auto-completion script on every PowerShell start up. You can also add the generated script directly to your $PROFILE file.


Prompt:
Explain this powershell code:

curl.exe -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/v1.34.0/bin/windows/amd64/kubectl-convert.exe"

Response: This powershell code 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Validate the binary (optional).

Context: 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Validate the binary (optional).


Prompt:
Explain this powershell code:

curl.exe -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/v1.34.0/bin/windows/amd64/kubectl-convert.exe.sha256"

Response: This powershell code 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Validate the kubectl-convert binary against the checksum file:

Context: 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Validate the kubectl-convert binary against the checksum file:


Prompt:
Explain this cmd code:

CertUtil -hashfile kubectl-convert.exe SHA256
type kubectl-convert.exe.sha256

Response: This cmd code 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Using PowerShell to automate the verification using the -eq operator to get a True or False result:


Prompt:
Explain this powershell code:

$($(CertUtil -hashfile .\kubectl-convert.exe SHA256)[1] -replace " ", "") -eq $(type .\kubectl-convert.exe.sha256)

Response: This powershell code 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Append or prepend the kubectl-convert binary folder to your PATH environment variable.

Context: 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | Append or prepend the kubectl-convert binary folder to your PATH environment variable.


Prompt:
Explain this powershell code:

del kubectl-convert.exe
del kubectl-convert.exe.sha256

Response: This powershell code 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | If you don't yet have a cluster, visit bootstrapping clusters with kubeadm.

Context: 1.3 - Install and Set Up kubectl on Windows | If you don't yet have a cluster, visit bootstrapping clusters with kubeadm.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

sudo kubeadm join --token <token> <control-plane-host>:<control-plane-port> --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:<hash>

Response: This bash code 2.1.1 - Adding Linux worker nodes | If you do not have the token, you can get it by running the following command on the control plane node:

Context: 2.1.1 - Adding Linux worker nodes | If you do not have the token, you can get it by running the following command on the control plane node:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

# Run this on a control plane node
sudo kubeadm token list

Response: This bash code 2.1.1 - Adding Linux worker nodes | The output is similar to this:

Context: 2.1.1 - Adding Linux worker nodes | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Complete this console code:

TOKEN                    TTL  EXPIRES              USAGES           DESCRIPTION            EXTRA GROUPS
8ewj1p.9r9hcjoqgajrj4gi  23h  2018-06-12T02:51:28Z authentication,  The default bootstrap  system:

Response:
                                                   signing          token generated by     bootstrappers:
                                                                    'kubeadm init'.        kubeadm:
                                                                                default-node-token

Context: 2.1.1 - Adding Linux worker nodes | By default, node join tokens expire after 24 hours. If you are joining a node to the cluster after the current token has expired, you can create a new token by running the following command on the con


Prompt:
Explain this console code:

TOKEN                    TTL  EXPIRES              USAGES           DESCRIPTION            EXTRA GROUPS
8ewj1p.9r9hcjoqgajrj4gi  23h  2018-06-12T02:51:28Z authentication,  The default bootstrap  system:
                                                   signing          token generated by     bootstrappers:
                                                                    'kubeadm init'.        kubeadm:
                                                                                default-node-token

Response: This console code 2.1.1 - Adding Linux worker nodes | By default, node join tokens expire after 24 hours. If you are joining a node to the cluster after the current token has expired, you can create a new token by running the following command on the con


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

# Run this on a control plane node
sudo kubeadm token create

Response: This bash code 2.1.1 - Adding Linux worker nodes | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

# Run this on a control plane node
sudo cat /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt | openssl x509 -pubkey  | openssl rsa -pubin -outform der 2>/dev/null | \
   openssl dgst -sha256 -hex | sed 's/^.* //'

Response: This bash code 2.1.1 - Adding Linux worker nodes | The output is similar to:

Context: 2.1.1 - Adding Linux worker nodes | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this console code:

8cb2de97839780a412b93877f8507ad6c94f73add17d5d7058e91741c9d5ec78

Response: This console code 2.1.1 - Adding Linux worker nodes | The output of the kubeadm join command should look something like:

Context: 2.1.1 - Adding Linux worker nodes | The output of the kubeadm join command should look something like:


Prompt:
Complete this json code:

[preflight] Running pre-flight checks

... (log output of join workflow) ...

Node join complete:

Response:
* Certificate signing request sent to control-plane and response
  received.
* Kubelet informed of new secure connection details.

Run 'kubectl get nodes' on control-plane to see this machine join.

Context: 2.1.1 - Adding Linux worker nodes | A few seconds later, you should notice this node in the output from kubectl get nodes. (for example, run kubectl on a control plane node).


Prompt:
Explain this json code:

[preflight] Running pre-flight checks

... (log output of join workflow) ...

Node join complete:
* Certificate signing request sent to control-plane and response
  received.
* Kubelet informed of new secure connection details.

Run 'kubectl get nodes' on control-plane to see this machine join.

Response: This json code 2.1.1 - Adding Linux worker nodes | A few seconds later, you should notice this node in the output from kubectl get nodes. (for example, run kubectl on a control plane node).


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl -n kube-system rollout restart deployment coredns

Response: This bash code 2.1.1 - Adding Linux worker nodes | This page explains how to add Windows worker nodes to a kubeadm cluster.

Context: 2.1.1 - Adding Linux worker nodes | This page explains how to add Windows worker nodes to a kubeadm cluster.


Prompt:
Explain this PowerShell code:

curl.exe -LO https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-sigs/sig-windows-tools/master/hostprocess/Install-Containerd.ps1

Response: This PowerShell code 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | Then run the following command, but first replace CONTAINERD_VERSION with a recent release from the containerd repository. The version must not have a v prefix. For example, use 1.7.22 instead of v1.7

Context: 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | Then run the following command, but first replace CONTAINERD_VERSION with a recent release from the containerd repository. The version must not have a v prefix. For example, use 1.7.22 instead of v1.7


Prompt:
Explain this PowerShell code:

.\Install-Containerd.ps1 -ContainerDVersion CONTAINERD_VERSION

Response: This PowerShell code 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | Run the following commands to install kubeadm and the kubelet:

Context: 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | Run the following commands to install kubeadm and the kubelet:


Prompt:
Explain this PowerShell code:

curl.exe -LO https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-sigs/sig-windows-tools/master/hostprocess/PrepareNode.ps1
.\PrepareNode.ps1 -KubernetesVersion v1.34

Response: This PowerShell code 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | Run the command that was output by kubeadm init. For example:

Context: 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | Run the command that was output by kubeadm init. For example:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubeadm join --token <token> <control-plane-host>:<control-plane-port> --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:<hash>

Response: This bash code 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | If you do not have the token, you can get it by running the following command on the control plane node:

Context: 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | If you do not have the token, you can get it by running the following command on the control plane node:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

# Run this on a control plane node
sudo kubeadm token list

Response: This bash code 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | The output is similar to this:

Context: 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Complete this console code:

TOKEN                    TTL  EXPIRES              USAGES           DESCRIPTION            EXTRA GROUPS
8ewj1p.9r9hcjoqgajrj4gi  23h  2018-06-12T02:51:28Z authentication,  The default bootstrap  system:

Response:
                                                   signing          token generated by     bootstrappers:
                                                                    'kubeadm init'.        kubeadm:
                                                                                default-node-token

Context: 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | By default, node join tokens expire after 24 hours. If you are joining a node to the cluster after the current token has expired, you can create a new token by running the following command on the con


Prompt:
Explain this console code:

TOKEN                    TTL  EXPIRES              USAGES           DESCRIPTION            EXTRA GROUPS
8ewj1p.9r9hcjoqgajrj4gi  23h  2018-06-12T02:51:28Z authentication,  The default bootstrap  system:
                                                   signing          token generated by     bootstrappers:
                                                                    'kubeadm init'.        kubeadm:
                                                                                default-node-token

Response: This console code 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | By default, node join tokens expire after 24 hours. If you are joining a node to the cluster after the current token has expired, you can create a new token by running the following command on the con


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

# Run this on a control plane node
sudo kubeadm token create

Response: This bash code 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | The output is similar to this:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

sudo cat /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt | openssl x509 -pubkey  | openssl rsa -pubin -outform der 2>/dev/null | \
   openssl dgst -sha256 -hex | sed 's/^.* //'

Response: This bash code 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | The output is similar to:

Context: 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this console code:

8cb2de97839780a412b93877f8507ad6c94f73add17d5d7058e91741c9d5ec78

Response: This console code 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | The output of the kubeadm join command should look something like:

Context: 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | The output of the kubeadm join command should look something like:


Prompt:
Complete this json code:

[preflight] Running pre-flight checks

... (log output of join workflow) ...

Node join complete:

Response:
* Certificate signing request sent to control-plane and response
  received.
* Kubelet informed of new secure connection details.

Run 'kubectl get nodes' on control-plane to see this machine join.

Context: 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | A few seconds later, you should notice this node in the output from kubectl get nodes. (for example, run kubectl on a control plane node).


Prompt:
Explain this json code:

[preflight] Running pre-flight checks

... (log output of join workflow) ...

Node join complete:
* Certificate signing request sent to control-plane and response
  received.
* Kubelet informed of new secure connection details.

Run 'kubectl get nodes' on control-plane to see this machine join.

Response: This json code 2.1.2 - Adding Windows worker nodes | A few seconds later, you should notice this node in the output from kubectl get nodes. (for example, run kubectl on a control plane node).


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

killall -s SIGTERM kube-apiserver # trigger a graceful kube-apiserver shutdown
sleep 20 # wait a little bit to permit completing in-flight requests
kubeadm upgrade ... # execute a kubeadm upgrade command

Response: This shell code 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | If you're using the community-owned package repositories (pkgs.k8s.io), you need to enable the package repository for the desired Kubernetes minor release. This is explained in Changing the Kubernetes

Context: 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | If you're using the community-owned package repositories (pkgs.k8s.io), you need to enable the package repository for the desired Kubernetes minor release. This is explained in Changing the Kubernetes


Prompt:
Complete this shell code:

# Find the latest 1.34 version in the list.
# It should look like 1.34.x-*, where x is the latest patch.

Response:
sudo apt update
sudo apt-cache madison kubeadm

Context: 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | For systems with DNF:# Find the latest 1.34 version in the list. # It should look like 1.34.x-*, where x is the latest patch. sudo yum list --showduplicates kubeadm --disableexcludes=kubernetes For sy


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# Find the latest 1.34 version in the list.
# It should look like 1.34.x-*, where x is the latest patch.
sudo apt update
sudo apt-cache madison kubeadm

Response: This shell code 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | For systems with DNF:# Find the latest 1.34 version in the list. # It should look like 1.34.x-*, where x is the latest patch. sudo yum list --showduplicates kubeadm --disableexcludes=kubernetes For sy


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# Find the latest 1.34 version in the list.
# It should look like 1.34.x-*, where x is the latest patch.
sudo yum list --showduplicates kubeadm --disableexcludes=kubernetes

Response: This shell code 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | For systems with DNF5:

Context: 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | For systems with DNF5:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# Find the latest 1.34 version in the list.
# It should look like 1.34.x-*, where x is the latest patch.
sudo yum list --showduplicates kubeadm --setopt=disable_excludes=kubernetes

Response: This shell code 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | If you don't see the version you expect to upgrade to, verify if the Kubernetes package repositories are used.

Context: 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | If you don't see the version you expect to upgrade to, verify if the Kubernetes package repositories are used.


Prompt:
Complete this shell code:

# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version
sudo apt-mark unhold kubeadm && \

Response:
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y kubeadm='1.34.x-*' && \
sudo apt-mark hold kubeadm

Context: 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | For systems with DNF:# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version sudo yum install -y kubeadm-'1.34.x-*' --disableexcludes=kubernetes For systems with DNF5:# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the la


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version
sudo apt-mark unhold kubeadm && \
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y kubeadm='1.34.x-*' && \
sudo apt-mark hold kubeadm

Response: This shell code 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | For systems with DNF:# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version sudo yum install -y kubeadm-'1.34.x-*' --disableexcludes=kubernetes For systems with DNF5:# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the la


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version
sudo yum install -y kubeadm-'1.34.x-*' --disableexcludes=kubernetes

Response: This shell code 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | For systems with DNF5:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version
sudo yum install -y kubeadm-'1.34.x-*' --setopt=disable_excludes=kubernetes

Response: This shell code 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | Verify that the download works and has the expected version:

Context: 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | Verify that the download works and has the expected version:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace x with the patch version you picked for this upgrade
sudo kubeadm upgrade apply v1.34.x

Response: This shell code 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | Once the command finishes you should see:

Context: 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | Once the command finishes you should see:


Prompt:
Explain this json code:

[upgrade/successful] SUCCESS! Your cluster was upgraded to "v1.34.x". Enjoy!

[upgrade/kubelet] Now that your control plane is upgraded, please proceed with upgrading your kubelets if you haven't already done so.

Response: This json code 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | Manually upgrade your CNI provider plugin.

Context: 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | Manually upgrade your CNI provider plugin.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace <node-to-drain> with the name of your node you are draining
kubectl drain <node-to-drain> --ignore-daemonsets

Response: This shell code 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | Upgrade the kubelet and kubectl:

Context: 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | Upgrade the kubelet and kubectl:


Prompt:
Complete this shell code:

# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version
sudo apt-mark unhold kubelet kubectl && \

Response:
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y kubelet='1.34.x-*' kubectl='1.34.x-*' && \
sudo apt-mark hold kubelet kubectl

Context: 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | For systems with DNF:# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version sudo yum install -y kubelet-'1.34.x-*' kubectl-'1.34.x-*' --disableexcludes=kubernetes For systems with DNF5:# replace x in 1


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version
sudo apt-mark unhold kubelet kubectl && \
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y kubelet='1.34.x-*' kubectl='1.34.x-*' && \
sudo apt-mark hold kubelet kubectl

Response: This shell code 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | For systems with DNF:# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version sudo yum install -y kubelet-'1.34.x-*' kubectl-'1.34.x-*' --disableexcludes=kubernetes For systems with DNF5:# replace x in 1


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version
sudo yum install -y kubelet-'1.34.x-*' kubectl-'1.34.x-*' --disableexcludes=kubernetes

Response: This shell code 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | For systems with DNF5:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version
sudo yum install -y kubelet-'1.34.x-*' kubectl-'1.34.x-*' --setopt=disable_excludes=kubernetes

Response: This shell code 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | Restart the kubelet:

Context: 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | Restart the kubelet:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart kubelet

Response: This shell code 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | Bring the node back online by marking it schedulable:

Context: 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | Bring the node back online by marking it schedulable:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace <node-to-uncordon> with the name of your node
kubectl uncordon <node-to-uncordon>

Response: This shell code 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | The upgrade procedure on worker nodes should be executed one node at a time or few nodes at a time, without compromising the minimum required capacity for running your workloads.

Context: 2.1.3 - Upgrading kubeadm clusters | The upgrade procedure on worker nodes should be executed one node at a time or few nodes at a time, without compromising the minimum required capacity for running your workloads.


Prompt:
Complete this shell code:

# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version
sudo apt-mark unhold kubeadm && \

Response:
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y kubeadm='1.34.x-*' && \
sudo apt-mark hold kubeadm

Context: 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | For systems with DNF:# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version sudo yum install -y kubeadm-'1.34.x-*' --disableexcludes=kubernetes For systems with DNF5:# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the la


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version
sudo apt-mark unhold kubeadm && \
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y kubeadm='1.34.x-*' && \
sudo apt-mark hold kubeadm

Response: This shell code 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | For systems with DNF:# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version sudo yum install -y kubeadm-'1.34.x-*' --disableexcludes=kubernetes For systems with DNF5:# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the la


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version
sudo yum install -y kubeadm-'1.34.x-*' --disableexcludes=kubernetes

Response: This shell code 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | For systems with DNF5:

Context: 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | For systems with DNF5:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version
sudo yum install -y kubeadm-'1.34.x-*' --setopt=disable_excludes=kubernetes

Response: This shell code 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | For worker nodes this upgrades the local kubelet configuration:

Context: 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | For worker nodes this upgrades the local kubelet configuration:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# execute this command on a control plane node
# replace <node-to-drain> with the name of your node you are draining
kubectl drain <node-to-drain> --ignore-daemonsets

Response: This shell code 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | Upgrade the kubelet and kubectl:

Context: 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | Upgrade the kubelet and kubectl:


Prompt:
Complete this shell code:

# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version
sudo apt-mark unhold kubelet kubectl && \

Response:
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y kubelet='1.34.x-*' kubectl='1.34.x-*' && \
sudo apt-mark hold kubelet kubectl

Context: 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | For systems with DNF:# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version sudo yum install -y kubelet-'1.34.x-*' kubectl-'1.34.x-*' --disableexcludes=kubernetes For systems with DNF5:# replace x in 1


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version
sudo apt-mark unhold kubelet kubectl && \
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y kubelet='1.34.x-*' kubectl='1.34.x-*' && \
sudo apt-mark hold kubelet kubectl

Response: This shell code 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | For systems with DNF:# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version sudo yum install -y kubelet-'1.34.x-*' kubectl-'1.34.x-*' --disableexcludes=kubernetes For systems with DNF5:# replace x in 1


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version
sudo yum install -y kubelet-'1.34.x-*' kubectl-'1.34.x-*' --disableexcludes=kubernetes

Response: This shell code 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | For systems with DNF5:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace x in 1.34.x-* with the latest patch version
sudo yum install -y kubelet-'1.34.x-*' kubectl-'1.34.x-*' --setopt=disable_excludes=kubernetes

Response: This shell code 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | Restart the kubelet:

Context: 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | Restart the kubelet:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart kubelet

Response: This shell code 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | Bring the node back online by marking it schedulable:

Context: 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | Bring the node back online by marking it schedulable:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# execute this command on a control plane node
# replace <node-to-uncordon> with the name of your node
kubectl uncordon <node-to-uncordon>

Response: This shell code 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | This page explains how to upgrade a Windows node created with kubeadm.

Context: 2.1.4 - Upgrading Linux nodes | This page explains how to upgrade a Windows node created with kubeadm.


Prompt:
Explain this powershell code:

# replace 1.34.0 with your desired version
curl.exe -Lo <path-to-kubeadm.exe>  "https://dl.k8s.io/v1.34.0/bin/windows/amd64/kubeadm.exe"

Response: This powershell code 2.1.5 - Upgrading Windows nodes | From a machine with access to the Kubernetes API, prepare the node for maintenance by marking it unschedulable and evicting the workloads:

Context: 2.1.5 - Upgrading Windows nodes | From a machine with access to the Kubernetes API, prepare the node for maintenance by marking it unschedulable and evicting the workloads:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace <node-to-drain> with the name of your node you are draining
kubectl drain <node-to-drain> --ignore-daemonsets

Response: This shell code 2.1.5 - Upgrading Windows nodes | You should see output similar to this:

Context: 2.1.5 - Upgrading Windows nodes | You should see output similar to this:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

node/ip-172-31-85-18 cordoned
node/ip-172-31-85-18 drained

Response: This text code 2.1.5 - Upgrading Windows nodes | From the Windows node, call the following command to sync new kubelet configuration:

Context: 2.1.5 - Upgrading Windows nodes | From the Windows node, call the following command to sync new kubelet configuration:


Prompt:
Explain this powershell code:

stop-service kubelet
curl.exe -Lo <path-to-kubelet.exe> "https://dl.k8s.io/v1.34.0/bin/windows/amd64/kubelet.exe"
restart-service kubelet

Response: This powershell code 2.1.5 - Upgrading Windows nodes | From the Windows node, upgrade and restart the kube-proxy.

Context: 2.1.5 - Upgrading Windows nodes | From the Windows node, upgrade and restart the kube-proxy.


Prompt:
Explain this powershell code:

stop-service kube-proxy
curl.exe -Lo <path-to-kube-proxy.exe> "https://dl.k8s.io/v1.34.0/bin/windows/amd64/kube-proxy.exe"
restart-service kube-proxy

Response: This powershell code 2.1.5 - Upgrading Windows nodes | From a machine with access to the Kubernetes API, bring the node back online by marking it schedulable:

Context: 2.1.5 - Upgrading Windows nodes | From a machine with access to the Kubernetes API, bring the node back online by marking it schedulable:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# replace <node-to-drain> with the name of your node
kubectl uncordon <node-to-drain>

Response: This shell code 2.1.5 - Upgrading Windows nodes | This page explains how to configure the kubelet's cgroup driver to match the container runtime cgroup driver for kubeadm clusters.

Context: 2.1.5 - Upgrading Windows nodes | This page explains how to configure the kubelet's cgroup driver to match the container runtime cgroup driver for kubeadm clusters.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

# kubeadm-config.yaml
kind: ClusterConfiguration
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kubernetesVersion: v1.21.0

Response:
---
kind: KubeletConfiguration
apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
cgroupDriver: systemd

Context: 2.1.6 - Configuring a cgroup driver | Such a configuration file can then be passed to the kubeadm command:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

# kubeadm-config.yaml
kind: ClusterConfiguration
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kubernetesVersion: v1.21.0
---
kind: KubeletConfiguration
apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
cgroupDriver: systemd

Response: This yaml code 2.1.6 - Configuring a cgroup driver | Such a configuration file can then be passed to the kubeadm command:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
encryptionAlgorithm: <ALGORITHM>

Response: This yaml code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | <ALGORITHM> can be one of RSA-2048 (default), RSA-3072, RSA-4096 or ECDSA-P256.

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | <ALGORITHM> can be one of RSA-2048 (default), RSA-3072, RSA-4096 or ECDSA-P256.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration

Response:
certificateValidityPeriod: 8760h # Default: 365 days × 24 hours = 1 year
caCertificateValidityPeriod: 87600h # Default: 365 days × 24 hours * 10 = 10 years

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | The values of the fields follow the accepted format for Go's time.Duration values, with the longest supported unit being h (hours).


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
certificateValidityPeriod: 8760h # Default: 365 days × 24 hours = 1 year
caCertificateValidityPeriod: 87600h # Default: 365 days × 24 hours * 10 = 10 years

Response: This yaml code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | The values of the fields follow the accepted format for Go's time.Duration values, with the longest supported unit being h (hours).


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

kubeadm init phase kubeconfig all --config config.yaml

Response: This text code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | Once the credentials are prepared on all nodes, call kubeadm init and kubeadm join for these nodes to join the cluster. kubeadm will use the existing kubeconfig and certificate files under /etc/kubern

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | Once the credentials are prepared on all nodes, call kubeadm init and kubeadm join for these nodes to join the cluster. kubeadm will use the existing kubeconfig and certificate files under /etc/kubern


Prompt:
Complete this console code:

CERTIFICATE                EXPIRES                  RESIDUAL TIME   CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY   EXTERNALLY MANAGED
admin.conf                 Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d                                    no
apiserver                  Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d            ca                      no
apiserver-etcd-client      Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d            etcd-ca                 no
apiserver-kubelet-client   Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d            ca                      no
controller-manager.conf    Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d                                    no
etcd-healthcheck-client    Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d            etcd-ca                 no
etcd-peer                  Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d            etcd-ca                 no

Response:
etcd-server                Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d            etcd-ca                 no
front-proxy-client         Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d            front-proxy-ca          no
scheduler.conf             Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d                                    no

CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY   EXPIRES                  RESIDUAL TIME   EXTERNALLY MANAGED
ca                      Dec 28, 2029 23:36 UTC   9y              no
etcd-ca                 Dec 28, 2029 23:36 UTC   9y              no
front-proxy-ca          Dec 28, 2029 23:36 UTC   9y              no

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | The command shows expiration/residual time for the client certificates in the /etc/kubernetes/pki folder and for the client certificate embedded in the kubeconfig files used by kubeadm (admin.conf, co


Prompt:
Explain this console code:

CERTIFICATE                EXPIRES                  RESIDUAL TIME   CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY   EXTERNALLY MANAGED
admin.conf                 Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d                                    no
apiserver                  Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d            ca                      no
apiserver-etcd-client      Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d            etcd-ca                 no
apiserver-kubelet-client   Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d            ca                      no
controller-manager.conf    Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d                                    no
etcd-healthcheck-client    Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d            etcd-ca                 no
etcd-peer                  Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d            etcd-ca                 no
etcd-server                Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d            etcd-ca                 no
front-proxy-client         Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d            front-proxy-ca          no
scheduler.conf             Dec 30, 2020 23:36 UTC   364d                                    no

CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY   EXPIRES                  RESIDUAL TIME   EXTERNALLY MANAGED
ca                      Dec 28, 2029 23:36 UTC   9y              no
etcd-ca                 Dec 28, 2029 23:36 UTC   9y              no
front-proxy-ca          Dec 28, 2029 23:36 UTC   9y              no

Response: This console code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | The command shows expiration/residual time for the client certificates in the /etc/kubernetes/pki folder and for the client certificate embedded in the kubeconfig files used by kubeadm (admin.conf, co


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

client-certificate: /var/lib/kubelet/pki/kubelet-client-current.pem
client-key: /var/lib/kubelet/pki/kubelet-client-current.pem

Response: This yaml code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | kubeadm renews all the certificates during control plane upgrade.

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | kubeadm renews all the certificates during control plane upgrade.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# If you are running cluster with a replicated control plane, this command
# needs to be executed on all the control-plane nodes.
kubeadm certs renew all

Response: This shell code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | Clusters built with kubeadm often copy the admin.conf certificate into $HOME/.kube/config, as instructed in Creating a cluster with kubeadm. On such a system, to update the contents of $HOME/.kube/con

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | Clusters built with kubeadm often copy the admin.conf certificate into $HOME/.kube/config, as instructed in Creating a cluster with kubeadm. On such a system, to update the contents of $HOME/.kube/con


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

Response: This shell code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | This section provides more details about how to execute manual certificate renewal using the Kubernetes certificates API.

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | This section provides more details about how to execute manual certificate renewal using the Kubernetes certificates API.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
controllerManager:
  extraArgs:

Response:
  - name: "cluster-signing-cert-file"
    value: "/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt"
  - name: "cluster-signing-key-file"
    value: "/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.key"

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | See Create CertificateSigningRequest for creating CSRs with the Kubernetes API.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
controllerManager:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "cluster-signing-cert-file"
    value: "/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt"
  - name: "cluster-signing-key-file"
    value: "/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.key"

Response: This yaml code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | See Create CertificateSigningRequest for creating CSRs with the Kubernetes API.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
---

Response:
apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: KubeletConfiguration
serverTLSBootstrap: true

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | If you have already created the cluster you must adapt it by doing the following:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
---
apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: KubeletConfiguration
serverTLSBootstrap: true

Response: This yaml code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | If you have already created the cluster you must adapt it by doing the following:


Prompt:
Explain this console code:

NAME        AGE     SIGNERNAME                        REQUESTOR                      CONDITION
csr-9wvgt   112s    kubernetes.io/kubelet-serving     system:node:worker-1           Pending
csr-lz97v   1m58s   kubernetes.io/kubelet-serving     system:node:control-plane-1    Pending

Response: This console code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | To approve them you can do the following:

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | To approve them you can do the following:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Subject: O = system:masters, CN = kubernetes-super-admin

Response: This text code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | You can use the kubeadm kubeconfig user command to generate kubeconfig files for additional users. The command accepts a mixture of command line flags and kubeadm configuration options. The generated

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | You can use the kubeadm kubeconfig user command to generate kubeconfig files for additional users. The command accepts a mixture of command line flags and kubeadm configuration options. The generated


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Subject: O = kubeadm:cluster-admins, CN = kubernetes-admin

Response: This text code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | You can use the kubeadm kubeconfig user command to generate kubeconfig files for additional users. The command accepts a mixture of command line flags and kubeadm configuration options. The generated


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

# example.yaml
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
# Will be used as the target "cluster" in the kubeconfig

Response:
clusterName: "kubernetes"
# Will be used as the "server" (IP or DNS name) of this cluster in the kubeconfig
controlPlaneEndpoint: "some-dns-address:6443"
# The cluster CA key and certificate will be loaded from this local directory
certificatesDir: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | Make sure that these settings match the desired target cluster settings. To see the settings of an existing cluster use:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

# example.yaml
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
# Will be used as the target "cluster" in the kubeconfig
clusterName: "kubernetes"
# Will be used as the "server" (IP or DNS name) of this cluster in the kubeconfig
controlPlaneEndpoint: "some-dns-address:6443"
# The cluster CA key and certificate will be loaded from this local directory
certificatesDir: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"

Response: This yaml code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | Make sure that these settings match the desired target cluster settings. To see the settings of an existing cluster use:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl get cm kubeadm-config -n kube-system -o=jsonpath="{.data.ClusterConfiguration}"

Response: This shell code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | The following example will generate a kubeconfig file with credentials valid for 24 hours for a new user johndoe that is part of the appdevs group:

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | The following example will generate a kubeconfig file with credentials valid for 24 hours for a new user johndoe that is part of the appdevs group:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubeadm kubeconfig user --config example.yaml --org appdevs --client-name johndoe --validity-period 24h

Response: This shell code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | The following example will generate a kubeconfig file with administrator credentials valid for 1 week:

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | The following example will generate a kubeconfig file with administrator credentials valid for 1 week:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubeadm kubeconfig user --config example.yaml --client-name admin --validity-period 168h

Response: This shell code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | You can create certificate signing requests with kubeadm certs generate-csr. Calling this command will generate .csr / .key file pairs for regular certificates. For certificates embedded in kubeconfig

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | You can create certificate signing requests with kubeadm certs generate-csr. Calling this command will generate .csr / .key file pairs for regular certificates. For certificates embedded in kubeconfig


Prompt:
Complete this shell code:

sudo kubeadm init phase certs ca
sudo kubeadm init phase certs etcd-ca

Response:
sudo kubeadm init phase certs front-proxy-ca
sudo kubeadm init phase certs sa

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | This will populate the folders /etc/kubernetes/pki and /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd with all self-signed CA files (certificates and keys) and service account (public and private keys) that kubeadm needs f


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

sudo kubeadm init phase certs ca
sudo kubeadm init phase certs etcd-ca
sudo kubeadm init phase certs front-proxy-ca
sudo kubeadm init phase certs sa

Response: This shell code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | This will populate the folders /etc/kubernetes/pki and /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd with all self-signed CA files (certificates and keys) and service account (public and private keys) that kubeadm needs f


Prompt:
Complete this bash code:

#!/bin/bash

# Set certificate expiration time in days
DAYS=365

# Process all CSR files except those for front-proxy and etcd
find ./ -name "*.csr" | grep -v "pki/etcd" | grep -v "front-proxy" | while read -r FILE;
do
    echo "* Processing ${FILE} ..."
    FILE=${FILE%.*} # Trim the extension
    if [ -f "./pki/ca.srl" ]; then
        SERIAL_FLAG="-CAserial ./pki/ca.srl"
    else
        SERIAL_FLAG="-CAcreateserial"
    fi
    openssl x509 -req -days "${DAYS}" -CA ./pki/ca.crt -CAkey ./pki/ca.key ${SERIAL_FLAG} \
        -in "${FILE}.csr" -out "${FILE}.crt"
    sleep 2
done

Response:
# Process all etcd CSRs
find ./pki/etcd -name "*.csr" | while read -r FILE;
do
    echo "* Processing ${FILE} ..."
    FILE=${FILE%.*} # Trim the extension
    if [ -f "./pki/etcd/ca.srl" ]; then
        SERIAL_FLAG=-CAserial ./pki/etcd/ca.srl
    else
        SERIAL_FLAG=-CAcreateserial
    fi
    openssl x509 -req -days "${DAYS}" -CA ./pki/etcd/ca.crt -CAkey ./pki/etcd/ca.key ${SERIAL_FLAG} \
        -in "${FILE}.csr" -out "${FILE}.crt"
done

# Process front-proxy CSRs
echo "* Processing ./pki/front-proxy-client.csr ..."
openssl x509 -req -days "${DAYS}" -CA ./pki/front-proxy-ca.crt -CAkey ./pki/front-proxy-ca.key -CAcreateserial \
    -in ./pki/front-proxy-client.csr -out ./pki/front-proxy-client.crt

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | Repeat this step for all nodes that have CSR files.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

#!/bin/bash

# Set certificate expiration time in days
DAYS=365

# Process all CSR files except those for front-proxy and etcd
find ./ -name "*.csr" | grep -v "pki/etcd" | grep -v "front-proxy" | while read -r FILE;
do
    echo "* Processing ${FILE} ..."
    FILE=${FILE%.*} # Trim the extension
    if [ -f "./pki/ca.srl" ]; then
        SERIAL_FLAG="-CAserial ./pki/ca.srl"
    else
        SERIAL_FLAG="-CAcreateserial"
    fi
    openssl x509 -req -days "${DAYS}" -CA ./pki/ca.crt -CAkey ./pki/ca.key ${SERIAL_FLAG} \
        -in "${FILE}.csr" -out "${FILE}.crt"
    sleep 2
done

# Process all etcd CSRs
find ./pki/etcd -name "*.csr" | while read -r FILE;
do
    echo "* Processing ${FILE} ..."
    FILE=${FILE%.*} # Trim the extension
    if [ -f "./pki/etcd/ca.srl" ]; then
        SERIAL_FLAG=-CAserial ./pki/etcd/ca.srl
    else
        SERIAL_FLAG=-CAcreateserial
    fi
    openssl x509 -req -days "${DAYS}" -CA ./pki/etcd/ca.crt -CAkey ./pki/etcd/ca.key ${SERIAL_FLAG} \
        -in "${FILE}.csr" -out "${FILE}.crt"
done

# Process front-proxy CSRs
echo "* Processing ./pki/front-proxy-client.csr ..."
openssl x509 -req -days "${DAYS}" -CA ./pki/front-proxy-ca.crt -CAkey ./pki/front-proxy-ca.key -CAcreateserial \
    -in ./pki/front-proxy-client.csr -out ./pki/front-proxy-client.crt

Response: This bash code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | Repeat this step for all nodes that have CSR files.


Prompt:
Complete this bash code:

#!/bin/bash

CLUSTER=kubernetes
find ./ -name "*.conf" | while read -r FILE;
do

Response:
    echo "* Processing ${FILE} ..."
    KUBECONFIG="${FILE}" kubectl config set-cluster "${CLUSTER}" --certificate-authority ./pki/ca.crt --embed-certs
    USER=$(KUBECONFIG="${FILE}" kubectl config view -o jsonpath='{.users[0].name}')
    KUBECONFIG="${FILE}" kubectl config set-credentials "${USER}" --client-certificate "${FILE}.crt" --embed-certs
done

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | Perform this step on all nodes that have CSR files.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

#!/bin/bash

CLUSTER=kubernetes
find ./ -name "*.conf" | while read -r FILE;
do
    echo "* Processing ${FILE} ..."
    KUBECONFIG="${FILE}" kubectl config set-cluster "${CLUSTER}" --certificate-authority ./pki/ca.crt --embed-certs
    USER=$(KUBECONFIG="${FILE}" kubectl config view -o jsonpath='{.users[0].name}')
    KUBECONFIG="${FILE}" kubectl config set-credentials "${USER}" --client-certificate "${FILE}.crt" --embed-certs
done

Response: This bash code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | Perform this step on all nodes that have CSR files.


Prompt:
Complete this bash code:

#!/bin/bash

# Cleanup CSR files

Response:
rm -f ./*.csr ./pki/*.csr ./pki/etcd/*.csr # Clean all CSR files

# Cleanup CRT files that were already embedded in kubeconfig files
rm -f ./*.crt

Context: 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | Optionally, move .srl files to the next node to be processed.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

#!/bin/bash

# Cleanup CSR files
rm -f ./*.csr ./pki/*.csr ./pki/etcd/*.csr # Clean all CSR files

# Cleanup CRT files that were already embedded in kubeconfig files
rm -f ./*.crt

Response: This bash code 2.1.7 - Certificate Management with kubeadm | Optionally, move .srl files to the next node to be processed.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf KUBE_EDITOR=nano kubectl edit <parameters>

Response: This text code 2.1.8 - Reconfiguring a kubeadm cluster | During cluster creation and upgrade, kubeadm writes its ClusterConfiguration in a ConfigMap called kubeadm-config in the kube-system namespace.

Context: 2.1.8 - Reconfiguring a kubeadm cluster | During cluster creation and upgrade, kubeadm writes its ClusterConfiguration in a ConfigMap called kubeadm-config in the kube-system namespace.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubeadm init phase certs <component-name> --config <config-file>

Response: This shell code 2.1.8 - Reconfiguring a kubeadm cluster | To write new manifest files in /etc/kubernetes/manifests you can use:

Context: 2.1.8 - Reconfiguring a kubeadm cluster | To write new manifest files in /etc/kubernetes/manifests you can use:


Prompt:
Complete this shell code:

# For Kubernetes control plane components
kubeadm init phase control-plane <component-name> --config <config-file>

Response:
# For local etcd
kubeadm init phase etcd local --config <config-file>

Context: 2.1.8 - Reconfiguring a kubeadm cluster | The <config-file> contents must match the updated ClusterConfiguration. The <component-name> value must be a name of a Kubernetes control plane component (apiserver, controller-manager or scheduler).


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# For Kubernetes control plane components
kubeadm init phase control-plane <component-name> --config <config-file>
# For local etcd
kubeadm init phase etcd local --config <config-file>

Response: This shell code 2.1.8 - Reconfiguring a kubeadm cluster | The <config-file> contents must match the updated ClusterConfiguration. The <component-name> value must be a name of a Kubernetes control plane component (apiserver, controller-manager or scheduler).


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl delete po -n kube-system -l k8s-app=kube-proxy

Response: This shell code 2.1.8 - Reconfiguring a kubeadm cluster | New Pods that use the updated ConfigMap will be created.

Context: 2.1.8 - Reconfiguring a kubeadm cluster | New Pods that use the updated ConfigMap will be created.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl edit deployment -n kube-system coredns
kubectl edit service -n kube-system kube-dns

Response: This shell code 2.1.8 - Reconfiguring a kubeadm cluster | Once the CoreDNS changes are applied you can restart the CoreDNS deployment:

Context: 2.1.8 - Reconfiguring a kubeadm cluster | Once the CoreDNS changes are applied you can restart the CoreDNS deployment:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl rollout restart deployment -n kube-system coredns

Response: This shell code 2.1.8 - Reconfiguring a kubeadm cluster | During the execution of kubeadm upgrade on a managed node, kubeadm might overwrite configuration that was applied after the cluster was created (reconfiguration).

Context: 2.1.8 - Reconfiguring a kubeadm cluster | During the execution of kubeadm upgrade on a managed node, kubeadm might overwrite configuration that was applied after the cluster was created (reconfiguration).


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl patch no <node-name> --patch-file <patch-file>

Response: This shell code 2.1.8 - Reconfiguring a kubeadm cluster | The main source of control plane configuration is the ClusterConfiguration object stored in the cluster. To extend the static Pod manifests configuration, patches can be used.

Context: 2.1.8 - Reconfiguring a kubeadm cluster | The main source of control plane configuration is the ClusterConfiguration object stored in the cluster. To extend the static Pod manifests configuration, patches can be used.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# On your system, this configuration file could have a different name
pager /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list

Response: This shell code 2.1.9 - Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository | If you see a line similar to:

Context: 2.1.9 - Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository | If you see a line similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg] https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/deb/ /

Response: This text code 2.1.9 - Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository | You're using the Kubernetes package repositories and this guide applies to you. Otherwise, it's strongly recommended to migrate to the Kubernetes package repositories as described in the official anno

Context: 2.1.9 - Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository | You're using the Kubernetes package repositories and this guide applies to you. Otherwise, it's strongly recommended to migrate to the Kubernetes package repositories as described in the official anno


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# On your system, this configuration file could have a different name
cat /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo

Response: This shell code 2.1.9 - Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository | If you see a baseurl similar to the baseurl in the output below:

Context: 2.1.9 - Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository | If you see a baseurl similar to the baseurl in the output below:


Prompt:
Complete this json code:

[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/

Response:
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/repodata/repomd.xml.key
exclude=kubelet kubeadm kubectl


Prompt:
Explain this json code:

[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/repodata/repomd.xml.key
exclude=kubelet kubeadm kubectl

Response: This json code 2.1.9 - Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository | You're using the Kubernetes package repositories and this guide applies to you. Otherwise, it's strongly recommended to migrate to the Kubernetes package repositories as described in the official anno


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# On your system, this configuration file could have a different name
cat /etc/zypp/repos.d/kubernetes.repo

Response: This shell code 2.1.9 - Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository | If you see a baseurl similar to the baseurl in the output below:


Prompt:
Complete this json code:

[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/

Response:
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/repodata/repomd.xml.key
exclude=kubelet kubeadm kubectl


Prompt:
Explain this json code:

[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/repodata/repomd.xml.key
exclude=kubelet kubeadm kubectl

Response: This json code 2.1.9 - Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository | You're using the Kubernetes package repositories and this guide applies to you. Otherwise, it's strongly recommended to migrate to the Kubernetes package repositories as described in the official anno


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg] https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/deb/ /

Response: This text code 2.1.9 - Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository | Change the version in the URL to the next available minor release, for example:

Context: 2.1.9 - Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository | Change the version in the URL to the next available minor release, for example:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg] https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.34/deb/ /

Response: This text code 2.1.9 - Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository | Save the file and exit your text editor. Continue following the relevant upgrade instructions.

Context: 2.1.9 - Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository | Save the file and exit your text editor. Continue following the relevant upgrade instructions.


Prompt:
Complete this json code:

[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/

Response:
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/repodata/repomd.xml.key
exclude=kubelet kubeadm kubectl cri-tools kubernetes-cni

Context: 2.1.9 - Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository | Change the version in these URLs to the next available minor release, for example:


Prompt:
Explain this json code:

[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/repodata/repomd.xml.key
exclude=kubelet kubeadm kubectl cri-tools kubernetes-cni

Response: This json code 2.1.9 - Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository | Change the version in these URLs to the next available minor release, for example:


Prompt:
Complete this json code:

[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.34/rpm/

Response:
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.34/rpm/repodata/repomd.xml.key
exclude=kubelet kubeadm kubectl cri-tools kubernetes-cni


Prompt:
Explain this json code:

[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.34/rpm/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.34/rpm/repodata/repomd.xml.key
exclude=kubelet kubeadm kubectl cri-tools kubernetes-cni

Response: This json code 2.1.9 - Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository | Save the file and exit your text editor. Continue following the relevant upgrade instructions.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: scheduling.k8s.io/v1
kind: PriorityClass
metadata:

Response:
  name: placeholder # these Pods represent placeholder capacity
value: -1000
globalDefault: false
description: "Negative priority for placeholder pods to enable overprovisioning."

Context: 2.2 - Overprovision Node Capacity For A Cluster | Then create the PriorityClass:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: scheduling.k8s.io/v1
kind: PriorityClass
metadata:
  name: placeholder # these Pods represent placeholder capacity
value: -1000
globalDefault: false
description: "Negative priority for placeholder pods to enable overprovisioning."

Response: This yaml code 2.2 - Overprovision Node Capacity For A Cluster | Then create the PriorityClass:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/priorityclass/low-priority-class.yaml

Response: This shell code 2.2 - Overprovision Node Capacity For A Cluster | You will next define a Deployment that uses the negative-priority PriorityClass and runs a minimal container. When you add this to your cluster, Kubernetes runs those placeholder pods to reserve capac

Context: 2.2 - Overprovision Node Capacity For A Cluster | You will next define a Deployment that uses the negative-priority PriorityClass and runs a minimal container. When you add this to your cluster, Kubernetes runs those placeholder pods to reserve capac


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

deployments/deployment-with-capacity-reservation.yaml

Response: This text code 2.2 - Overprovision Node Capacity For A Cluster | You should select, or create, a namespace that the placeholder Pods will go into.

Context: 2.2 - Overprovision Node Capacity For A Cluster | You should select, or create, a namespace that the placeholder Pods will go into.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: capacity-reservation
  # You should decide what namespace to deploy this into
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: capacity-placeholder
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: capacity-placeholder
      annotations:
        kubernetes.io/description: "Capacity reservation"
    spec:
      priorityClassName: placeholder

Response:
      affinity: # Try to place these overhead Pods on different nodes
                # if possible
        podAntiAffinity:
          preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
          - weight: 100
            podAffinityTerm:
              labelSelector:
                matchLabels:
                  app.kubernetes.io/name: capacity-placeholder
              topologyKey: topology.kubernetes.io/hostname
      containers:
      - name: pause
        image: registry.k8s.io/pause:3.6
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "50m"
            memory: "512Mi"
          limits:
            memory: "512Mi"


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: capacity-reservation
  # You should decide what namespace to deploy this into
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: capacity-placeholder
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: capacity-placeholder
      annotations:
        kubernetes.io/description: "Capacity reservation"
    spec:
      priorityClassName: placeholder
      affinity: # Try to place these overhead Pods on different nodes
                # if possible
        podAntiAffinity:
          preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
          - weight: 100
            podAffinityTerm:
              labelSelector:
                matchLabels:
                  app.kubernetes.io/name: capacity-placeholder
              topologyKey: topology.kubernetes.io/hostname
      containers:
      - name: pause
        image: registry.k8s.io/pause:3.6
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "50m"
            memory: "512Mi"
          limits:
            memory: "512Mi"

Response: This yaml code 2.2 - Overprovision Node Capacity For A Cluster | You should select, or create, a namespace that the placeholder Pods will go into.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# Change the namespace name "example"
kubectl --namespace example apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/deployments/deployment-with-capacity-reservation.yaml

Response: This shell code 2.2 - Overprovision Node Capacity For A Cluster | Configure the resource requests and limits for the placeholder pods to define the amount of overprovisioned resources you want to maintain. This reservation ensures that a specific amount of CPU and m

Context: 2.2 - Overprovision Node Capacity For A Cluster | Configure the resource requests and limits for the placeholder pods to define the amount of overprovisioned resources you want to maintain. This reservation ensures that a specific amount of CPU and m


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

resources:
    requests:
      cpu: "100m"

Response:
      memory: "200Mi"
    limits:
      cpu: "100m"

Context: 2.2 - Overprovision Node Capacity For A Cluster | For example, with 5 replicas each reserving 0.1 CPU and 200MiB of memory:Total CPU reserved: 5 × 0.1 = 0.5 (in the Pod specification, you'll write the quantity 500m)Total memory reserved: 5 × 200MiB =


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

resources:
    requests:
      cpu: "100m"
      memory: "200Mi"
    limits:
      cpu: "100m"

Response: This yaml code 2.2 - Overprovision Node Capacity For A Cluster | For example, with 5 replicas each reserving 0.1 CPU and 200MiB of memory:Total CPU reserved: 5 × 0.1 = 0.5 (in the Pod specification, you'll write the quantity 500m)Total memory reserved: 5 × 200MiB =


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl scale deployment capacity-reservation --replicas=5

Response: This shell code 2.2 - Overprovision Node Capacity For A Cluster | Verify the scaling:

Context: 2.2 - Overprovision Node Capacity For A Cluster | Verify the scaling:


Prompt:
Explain this none code:

NAME                   READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
capacity-reservation   5/5     5            5           2m

Response: This none code 2.2 - Overprovision Node Capacity For A Cluster | This section presents information you need to know when migrating from dockershim to other container runtimes.

Context: 2.2 - Overprovision Node Capacity For A Cluster | This section presents information you need to know when migrating from dockershim to other container runtimes.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

systemctl stop kubelet
systemctl disable docker.service --now

Response: This shell code 2.3.1 - Changing the Container Runtime on a Node from Docker Engine to containerd | Follow the guide for detailed steps to install containerd.

Context: 2.3.1 - Changing the Container Runtime on a Node from Docker Engine to containerd | Follow the guide for detailed steps to install containerd.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

sudo mkdir -p /etc/containerd
containerd config default | sudo tee /etc/containerd/config.toml

Response: This shell code 2.3.1 - Changing the Container Runtime on a Node from Docker Engine to containerd | Restart containerd:

Context: 2.3.1 - Changing the Container Runtime on a Node from Docker Engine to containerd | Restart containerd:


Prompt:
Explain this powershell code:

curl.exe -L https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/download/v$Version/containerd-$Version-windows-amd64.tar.gz -o containerd-windows-amd64.tar.gz
tar.exe xvf .\containerd-windows-amd64.tar.gz

Response: This powershell code 2.3.1 - Changing the Container Runtime on a Node from Docker Engine to containerd | Extract and configure:

Context: 2.3.1 - Changing the Container Runtime on a Node from Docker Engine to containerd | Extract and configure:


Prompt:
Complete this powershell code:

Copy-Item -Path ".\bin\" -Destination "$Env:ProgramFiles\containerd" -Recurse -Force
cd $Env:ProgramFiles\containerd\
.\containerd.exe config default | Out-File config.toml -Encoding ascii

# Review the configuration. Depending on setup you may want to adjust:

Response:
# - the sandbox_image (Kubernetes pause image)
# - cni bin_dir and conf_dir locations
Get-Content config.toml

# (Optional - but highly recommended) Exclude containerd from Windows Defender Scans
Add-MpPreference -ExclusionProcess "$Env:ProgramFiles\containerd\containerd.exe"

Context: 2.3.1 - Changing the Container Runtime on a Node from Docker Engine to containerd | Start containerd:


Prompt:
Explain this powershell code:

Copy-Item -Path ".\bin\" -Destination "$Env:ProgramFiles\containerd" -Recurse -Force
cd $Env:ProgramFiles\containerd\
.\containerd.exe config default | Out-File config.toml -Encoding ascii

# Review the configuration. Depending on setup you may want to adjust:
# - the sandbox_image (Kubernetes pause image)
# - cni bin_dir and conf_dir locations
Get-Content config.toml

# (Optional - but highly recommended) Exclude containerd from Windows Defender Scans
Add-MpPreference -ExclusionProcess "$Env:ProgramFiles\containerd\containerd.exe"

Response: This powershell code 2.3.1 - Changing the Container Runtime on a Node from Docker Engine to containerd | Start containerd:


Prompt:
Explain this powershell code:

.\containerd.exe --register-service
Start-Service containerd

Response: This powershell code 2.3.1 - Changing the Container Runtime on a Node from Docker Engine to containerd | Edit the file /var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env and add the containerd runtime to the flags; --container-runtime-endpoint=unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock.

Context: 2.3.1 - Changing the Container Runtime on a Node from Docker Engine to containerd | Edit the file /var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env and add the containerd runtime to the flags; --container-runtime-endpoint=unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

--container-runtime-endpoint=unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock

Response: This text code 2.3.1 - Changing the Container Runtime on a Node from Docker Engine to containerd | Users using kubeadm should be aware that the kubeadm tool stores the host's CRI socket in the

Context: 2.3.1 - Changing the Container Runtime on a Node from Docker Engine to containerd | Users using kubeadm should be aware that the kubeadm tool stores the host's CRI socket in the


Prompt:
Complete this none code:

NAME         STATUS   VERSION    CONTAINER-RUNTIME
node-1       Ready    v1.16.15   docker://19.3.1

Response:
node-2       Ready    v1.16.15   docker://19.3.1
node-3       Ready    v1.16.15   docker://19.3.1

Context: 2.3.2 - Find Out What Container Runtime is Used on a Node | If your runtime shows as Docker Engine, you still might not be affected by the removal of dockershim in Kubernetes v1.24. Check the runtime endpoint to see if you use dockershim. If you don't use dock


Prompt:
Explain this none code:

NAME         STATUS   VERSION    CONTAINER-RUNTIME
node-1       Ready    v1.16.15   docker://19.3.1
node-2       Ready    v1.16.15   docker://19.3.1
node-3       Ready    v1.16.15   docker://19.3.1

Response: This none code 2.3.2 - Find Out What Container Runtime is Used on a Node | If your runtime shows as Docker Engine, you still might not be affected by the removal of dockershim in Kubernetes v1.24. Check the runtime endpoint to see if you use dockershim. If you don't use dock


Prompt:
Complete this none code:

NAME         STATUS   VERSION   CONTAINER-RUNTIME
node-1       Ready    v1.19.6   containerd://1.4.1

Response:
node-2       Ready    v1.19.6   containerd://1.4.1
node-3       Ready    v1.19.6   containerd://1.4.1

Context: 2.3.2 - Find Out What Container Runtime is Used on a Node | Find out more information about container runtimes on Container Runtimes page.


Prompt:
Explain this none code:

NAME         STATUS   VERSION   CONTAINER-RUNTIME
node-1       Ready    v1.19.6   containerd://1.4.1
node-2       Ready    v1.19.6   containerd://1.4.1
node-3       Ready    v1.19.6   containerd://1.4.1

Response: This none code 2.3.2 - Find Out What Container Runtime is Used on a Node | Find out more information about container runtimes on Container Runtimes page.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

incompatible CNI versions; config is \"1.0.0\", plugin supports [\"0.1.0\" \"0.2.0\" \"0.3.0\" \"0.3.1\" \"0.4.0\"]"

Response: This text code 2.3.3 - Troubleshooting CNI plugin-related errors | To fix this issue, update your CNI plugins and CNI config files.

Context: 2.3.3 - Troubleshooting CNI plugin-related errors | To fix this issue, update your CNI plugins and CNI config files.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

ERROR[2022-04-26T00:43:24.518165483Z] StopPodSandbox for "b" failed
error="failed to destroy network for sandbox \"bbc85f891eaf060c5a879e27bba9b6b06450210161dfdecfbb2732959fb6500a\": invalid version \"\": the version is empty"

Response: This text code 2.3.3 - Troubleshooting CNI plugin-related errors | This error leaves the pod in the not-ready state with a network namespace still attached. To recover from this problem, edit the CNI config file to add the missing version information. The next attemp

Context: 2.3.3 - Troubleshooting CNI plugin-related errors | This error leaves the pod in the not-ready state with a network namespace still attached. To recover from this problem, edit the CNI config file to add the missing version information. The next attemp


Prompt:
Complete this bash code:

cat << EOF | tee /etc/cni/net.d/10-containerd-net.conflist
{
 "cniVersion": "1.0.0",
 "name": "containerd-net",
 "plugins": [
   {
     "type": "bridge",
     "bridge": "cni0",
     "isGateway": true,
     "ipMasq": true,
     "promiscMode": true,
     "ipam": {
       "type": "host-local",
       "ranges": [
         [{
           "subnet": "10.88.0.0/16"
         }],

Response:
         [{
           "subnet": "2001:db8:4860::/64"
         }]
       ],
       "routes": [
         { "dst": "0.0.0.0/0" },
         { "dst": "::/0" }
       ]
     }
   },
   {
     "type": "portmap",
     "capabilities": {"portMappings": true},
     "externalSetMarkChain": "KUBE-MARK-MASQ"
   }
 ]
}
EOF

Context: 2.3.3 - Troubleshooting CNI plugin-related errors | Update the IP address ranges in the preceding example with ones that are based on your use case and network addressing plan.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

cat << EOF | tee /etc/cni/net.d/10-containerd-net.conflist
{
 "cniVersion": "1.0.0",
 "name": "containerd-net",
 "plugins": [
   {
     "type": "bridge",
     "bridge": "cni0",
     "isGateway": true,
     "ipMasq": true,
     "promiscMode": true,
     "ipam": {
       "type": "host-local",
       "ranges": [
         [{
           "subnet": "10.88.0.0/16"
         }],
         [{
           "subnet": "2001:db8:4860::/64"
         }]
       ],
       "routes": [
         { "dst": "0.0.0.0/0" },
         { "dst": "::/0" }
       ]
     }
   },
   {
     "type": "portmap",
     "capabilities": {"portMappings": true},
     "externalSetMarkChain": "KUBE-MARK-MASQ"
   }
 ]
}
EOF

Response: This bash code 2.3.3 - Troubleshooting CNI plugin-related errors | Update the IP address ranges in the preceding example with ones that are based on your use case and network addressing plan.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

k8s_<container-name>_<pod-name>_<namespace>_<pod-uid>_<restart-count>

Response: This text code 2.3.4 - Check whether dockershim removal affects you | You can mitigate this issue by using cAdvisor as a standalone daemonset.

Context: 2.3.4 - Check whether dockershim removal affects you | You can mitigate this issue by using cAdvisor as a standalone daemonset.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

container_fs_inodes_free
container_fs_inodes_total
container_fs_io_current
container_fs_io_time_seconds_total
container_fs_io_time_weighted_seconds_total
container_fs_limit_bytes

Response:
container_fs_read_seconds_total
container_fs_reads_merged_total
container_fs_sector_reads_total
container_fs_sector_writes_total
container_fs_usage_bytes
container_fs_write_seconds_total
container_fs_writes_merged_total


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

container_fs_inodes_free
container_fs_inodes_total
container_fs_io_current
container_fs_io_time_seconds_total
container_fs_io_time_weighted_seconds_total
container_fs_limit_bytes
container_fs_read_seconds_total
container_fs_reads_merged_total
container_fs_sector_reads_total
container_fs_sector_writes_total
container_fs_usage_bytes
container_fs_write_seconds_total
container_fs_writes_merged_total

Response: This text code 2.3.4 - Check whether dockershim removal affects you | You can mitigate this issue by using cAdvisor as a standalone daemonset.


Prompt:
Complete this bash code:

kubectl get pods --all-namespaces \
-o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{"\n"}{.metadata.namespace}{":\t"}{.metadata.name}{":\t"}{range .spec.volumes[*]}{.hostPath.path}{", "}{end}{end}' \

Response:
| sort \
| grep '/var/run/docker.sock'

Context: 2.3.5 - Migrating telemetry and security agents from dockershim | If your cluster nodes are customized and install additional security and telemetry agents on the node, check with the agent vendor to verify whether it has any dependency on Docker.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get pods --all-namespaces \
-o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{"\n"}{.metadata.namespace}{":\t"}{.metadata.name}{":\t"}{range .spec.volumes[*]}{.hostPath.path}{", "}{end}{end}' \
| sort \
| grep '/var/run/docker.sock'

Response: This bash code 2.3.5 - Migrating telemetry and security agents from dockershim | If your cluster nodes are customized and install additional security and telemetry agents on the node, check with the agent vendor to verify whether it has any dependency on Docker.


Prompt:
Complete this shell code:

curl -LO https://dl.k8s.io/easy-rsa/easy-rsa.tar.gz
tar xzf easy-rsa.tar.gz

Response:
cd easy-rsa-master/easyrsa3
./easyrsa init-pki

Context: 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Generate a new certificate authority (CA). --batch sets automatic mode; --req-cn specifies the Common Name (CN) for the CA's new root certificate.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

curl -LO https://dl.k8s.io/easy-rsa/easy-rsa.tar.gz
tar xzf easy-rsa.tar.gz
cd easy-rsa-master/easyrsa3
./easyrsa init-pki

Response: This shell code 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Generate a new certificate authority (CA). --batch sets automatic mode; --req-cn specifies the Common Name (CN) for the CA's new root certificate.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

./easyrsa --batch "--req-cn=${MASTER_IP}@`date +%s`" build-ca nopass

Response: This shell code 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Generate server certificate and key.

Context: 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Generate server certificate and key.


Prompt:
Complete this shell code:

./easyrsa --subject-alt-name="IP:${MASTER_IP},"\
"IP:${MASTER_CLUSTER_IP},"\
"DNS:kubernetes,"\
"DNS:kubernetes.default,"\

Response:
"DNS:kubernetes.default.svc,"\
"DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster,"\
"DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local" \
--days=10000 \
build-server-full server nopass

Context: 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Copy pki/ca.crt, pki/issued/server.crt, and pki/private/server.key to your directory.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

./easyrsa --subject-alt-name="IP:${MASTER_IP},"\
"IP:${MASTER_CLUSTER_IP},"\
"DNS:kubernetes,"\
"DNS:kubernetes.default,"\
"DNS:kubernetes.default.svc,"\
"DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster,"\
"DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local" \
--days=10000 \
build-server-full server nopass

Response: This shell code 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Copy pki/ca.crt, pki/issued/server.crt, and pki/private/server.key to your directory.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

--client-ca-file=/yourdirectory/ca.crt
--tls-cert-file=/yourdirectory/server.crt
--tls-private-key-file=/yourdirectory/server.key

Response: This shell code 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | openssl can manually generate certificates for your cluster.

Context: 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | openssl can manually generate certificates for your cluster.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

openssl req -x509 -new -nodes -key ca.key -subj "/CN=${MASTER_IP}" -days 10000 -out ca.crt

Response: This shell code 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Generate a server.key with 2048bit:

Context: 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Generate a server.key with 2048bit:


Prompt:
Complete this ini code:

[ req ]
default_bits = 2048
prompt = no
default_md = sha256
req_extensions = req_ext
distinguished_name = dn

[ dn ]
C = <country>
ST = <state>
L = <city>
O = <organization>
OU = <organization unit>
CN = <MASTER_IP>

[ req_ext ]

Response:
subjectAltName = @alt_names

[ alt_names ]
DNS.1 = kubernetes
DNS.2 = kubernetes.default
DNS.3 = kubernetes.default.svc
DNS.4 = kubernetes.default.svc.cluster
DNS.5 = kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
IP.1 = <MASTER_IP>
IP.2 = <MASTER_CLUSTER_IP>

[ v3_ext ]
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer:always
basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
keyUsage=keyEncipherment,dataEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage=serverAuth,clientAuth
subjectAltName=@alt_names

Context: 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Generate the certificate signing request based on the config file:


Prompt:
Explain this ini code:

[ req ]
default_bits = 2048
prompt = no
default_md = sha256
req_extensions = req_ext
distinguished_name = dn

[ dn ]
C = <country>
ST = <state>
L = <city>
O = <organization>
OU = <organization unit>
CN = <MASTER_IP>

[ req_ext ]
subjectAltName = @alt_names

[ alt_names ]
DNS.1 = kubernetes
DNS.2 = kubernetes.default
DNS.3 = kubernetes.default.svc
DNS.4 = kubernetes.default.svc.cluster
DNS.5 = kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
IP.1 = <MASTER_IP>
IP.2 = <MASTER_CLUSTER_IP>

[ v3_ext ]
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer:always
basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
keyUsage=keyEncipherment,dataEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage=serverAuth,clientAuth
subjectAltName=@alt_names

Response: This ini code 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Generate the certificate signing request based on the config file:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr -config csr.conf

Response: This shell code 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Generate the server certificate using the ca.key, ca.crt and server.csr:

Context: 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Generate the server certificate using the ca.key, ca.crt and server.csr:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

openssl x509 -req -in server.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key \
    -CAcreateserial -out server.crt -days 10000 \
    -extensions v3_ext -extfile csr.conf -sha256

Response: This shell code 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | View the certificate signing request:

Context: 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | View the certificate signing request:


Prompt:
Complete this shell code:

curl -L https://github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/releases/download/v1.5.0/cfssl_1.5.0_linux_amd64 -o cfssl
chmod +x cfssl
curl -L https://github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/releases/download/v1.5.0/cfssljson_1.5.0_linux_amd64 -o cfssljson

Response:
chmod +x cfssljson
curl -L https://github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/releases/download/v1.5.0/cfssl-certinfo_1.5.0_linux_amd64 -o cfssl-certinfo
chmod +x cfssl-certinfo

Context: 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Create a directory to hold the artifacts and initialize cfssl:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

curl -L https://github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/releases/download/v1.5.0/cfssl_1.5.0_linux_amd64 -o cfssl
chmod +x cfssl
curl -L https://github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/releases/download/v1.5.0/cfssljson_1.5.0_linux_amd64 -o cfssljson
chmod +x cfssljson
curl -L https://github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/releases/download/v1.5.0/cfssl-certinfo_1.5.0_linux_amd64 -o cfssl-certinfo
chmod +x cfssl-certinfo

Response: This shell code 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Create a directory to hold the artifacts and initialize cfssl:


Prompt:
Complete this shell code:

mkdir cert
cd cert

Response:
../cfssl print-defaults config > config.json
../cfssl print-defaults csr > csr.json

Context: 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Create a JSON config file for generating the CA file, for example, ca-config.json:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

mkdir cert
cd cert
../cfssl print-defaults config > config.json
../cfssl print-defaults csr > csr.json

Response: This shell code 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Create a JSON config file for generating the CA file, for example, ca-config.json:


Prompt:
Complete this json code:

{
  "signing": {
    "default": {
      "expiry": "8760h"
    },
    "profiles": {
      "kubernetes": {
        "usages": [
          "signing",

Response:
          "key encipherment",
          "server auth",
          "client auth"
        ],
        "expiry": "8760h"
      }
    }
  }
}

Context: 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Create a JSON config file for CA certificate signing request (CSR), for example, ca-csr.json. Be sure to replace the values marked with angle brackets with real values you want to use.


Prompt:
Explain this json code:

{
  "signing": {
    "default": {
      "expiry": "8760h"
    },
    "profiles": {
      "kubernetes": {
        "usages": [
          "signing",
          "key encipherment",
          "server auth",
          "client auth"
        ],
        "expiry": "8760h"
      }
    }
  }
}

Response: This json code 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Create a JSON config file for CA certificate signing request (CSR), for example, ca-csr.json. Be sure to replace the values marked with angle brackets with real values you want to use.


Prompt:
Complete this json code:

{
  "CN": "kubernetes",
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names":[{

Response:
    "C": "<country>",
    "ST": "<state>",
    "L": "<city>",
    "O": "<organization>",
    "OU": "<organization unit>"
  }]
}

Context: 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Generate CA key (ca-key.pem) and certificate (ca.pem):


Prompt:
Explain this json code:

{
  "CN": "kubernetes",
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names":[{
    "C": "<country>",
    "ST": "<state>",
    "L": "<city>",
    "O": "<organization>",
    "OU": "<organization unit>"
  }]
}

Response: This json code 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Generate CA key (ca-key.pem) and certificate (ca.pem):


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

../cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | ../cfssljson -bare ca

Response: This shell code 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Create a JSON config file for generating keys and certificates for the API server, for example, server-csr.json. Be sure to replace the values in angle brackets with real values you want to use. The <

Context: 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Create a JSON config file for generating keys and certificates for the API server, for example, server-csr.json. Be sure to replace the values in angle brackets with real values you want to use. The <


Prompt:
Complete this json code:

{
  "CN": "kubernetes",
  "hosts": [
    "127.0.0.1",
    "<MASTER_IP>",
    "<MASTER_CLUSTER_IP>",
    "kubernetes",
    "kubernetes.default",
    "kubernetes.default.svc",
    "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster",
    "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local"
  ],

Response:
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [{
    "C": "<country>",
    "ST": "<state>",
    "L": "<city>",
    "O": "<organization>",
    "OU": "<organization unit>"
  }]
}

Context: 2.4 - Generate Certificates Manually | Generate the key and certificate for the API server, which are by default saved into file server-key.pem and server.pem respectively: