Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/debug/counter-pod-err.yaml

Response: This bash code 8 - Logging Architecture | To fetch only the stderr log stream, you can run:

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | To fetch only the stderr log stream, you can run:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get --raw "/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/counter-err/log?stream=Stderr"

Response: This bash code 8 - Logging Architecture | See the kubectl logs documentation for more details.

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | See the kubectl logs documentation for more details.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;

Response:
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | It is not recommended to write log entries with different formats to the same log stream, even if you managed to redirect both components to the stdout stream of the container. Instead, you can create


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | It is not recommended to write log entries with different formats to the same log stream, even if you managed to redirect both components to the stdout stream of the container. Instead, you can create


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;

Response:
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-log-1
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c, 'tail -n+1 -F /var/log/1.log']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-log-2
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c, 'tail -n+1 -F /var/log/2.log']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | Now when you run this pod, you can access each log stream separately by running the following commands:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-log-1
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c, 'tail -n+1 -F /var/log/1.log']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-log-2
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c, 'tail -n+1 -F /var/log/2.log']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | Now when you run this pod, you can access each log stream separately by running the following commands:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

0: Fri Apr  1 11:42:26 UTC 2022
1: Fri Apr  1 11:42:27 UTC 2022

Response:
2: Fri Apr  1 11:42:28 UTC 2022
...

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

0: Fri Apr  1 11:42:26 UTC 2022
1: Fri Apr  1 11:42:27 UTC 2022
2: Fri Apr  1 11:42:28 UTC 2022
...

Response: This text code 8 - Logging Architecture | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Fri Apr  1 11:42:29 UTC 2022 INFO 0
Fri Apr  1 11:42:30 UTC 2022 INFO 0

Response:
Fri Apr  1 11:42:31 UTC 2022 INFO 0
...

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | If you installed a node-level agent in your cluster, that agent picks up those log streams automatically without any further configuration. If you like, you can configure the agent to parse log lines


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Fri Apr  1 11:42:29 UTC 2022 INFO 0
Fri Apr  1 11:42:30 UTC 2022 INFO 0
Fri Apr  1 11:42:31 UTC 2022 INFO 0
...

Response: This text code 8 - Logging Architecture | If you installed a node-level agent in your cluster, that agent picks up those log streams automatically without any further configuration. If you like, you can configure the agent to parse log lines


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: fluentd-config
data:
  fluentd.conf: |
    <source>
      type tail
      format none
      path /var/log/1.log
      pos_file /var/log/1.log.pos
      tag count.format1

Response:
    </source>

    <source>
      type tail
      format none
      path /var/log/2.log
      pos_file /var/log/2.log.pos
      tag count.format2
    </source>

    <match **>
      type google_cloud
    </match>

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | The second manifest describes a pod that has a sidecar container running fluentd. The pod mounts a volume where fluentd can pick up its configuration data.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: fluentd-config
data:
  fluentd.conf: |
    <source>
      type tail
      format none
      path /var/log/1.log
      pos_file /var/log/1.log.pos
      tag count.format1
    </source>

    <source>
      type tail
      format none
      path /var/log/2.log
      pos_file /var/log/2.log.pos
      tag count.format2
    </source>

    <match **>
      type google_cloud
    </match>

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | The second manifest describes a pod that has a sidecar container running fluentd. The pod mounts a volume where fluentd can pick up its configuration data.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;

Response:
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-agent
    image: registry.k8s.io/fluentd-gcp:1.30
    env:
    - name: FLUENTD_ARGS
      value: -c /etc/fluentd-config/fluentd.conf
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
    - name: config-volume
      mountPath: /etc/fluentd-config
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}
  - name: config-volume
    configMap:
      name: fluentd-config

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture |


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-agent
    image: registry.k8s.io/fluentd-gcp:1.30
    env:
    - name: FLUENTD_ARGS
      value: -c /etc/fluentd-config/fluentd.conf
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
    - name: config-volume
      mountPath: /etc/fluentd-config
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}
  - name: config-volume
    configMap:
      name: fluentd-config

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture |

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture |


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: prometheus

Response:
rules:
  - nonResourceURLs:
      - "/metrics"
    verbs:
      - get

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Alpha metric → Stable metric → Deprecated metric → Hidden metric → Deleted metric


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: prometheus
rules:
  - nonResourceURLs:
      - "/metrics"
    verbs:
      - get

Response: This yaml code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Alpha metric → Stable metric → Deprecated metric → Hidden metric → Deleted metric


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# HELP some_counter this counts things
# TYPE some_counter counter
some_counter 0

Response: This text code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | After deprecation

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | After deprecation


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# HELP some_counter (Deprecated since 1.15.0) this counts things
# TYPE some_counter counter
some_counter 0

Response: This text code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Hidden metrics are no longer published for scraping, but are still available for use. To use a hidden metric, please refer to the Show hidden metrics section.

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Hidden metrics are no longer published for scraping, but are still available for use. To use a hidden metric, please refer to the Show hidden metrics section.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "instance_list"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "disk_insert"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "disk_delete"}

Response:
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "attach_disk"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "detach_disk"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "list_disk"}

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | The scheduler exposes optional metrics that reports the requested resources and the desired limits of all running pods. These metrics can be used to build capacity planning dashboards, assess current


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "instance_list"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "disk_insert"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "disk_delete"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "attach_disk"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "detach_disk"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "list_disk"}

Response: This text code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | The scheduler exposes optional metrics that reports the requested resources and the desired limits of all running pods. These metrics can be used to build capacity planning dashboards, assess current


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

container_pressure_cpu_stalled_seconds_total
container_pressure_cpu_waiting_seconds_total
container_pressure_memory_stalled_seconds_total

Response:
container_pressure_memory_waiting_seconds_total
container_pressure_io_stalled_seconds_total
container_pressure_io_waiting_seconds_total

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | This feature is enabled by default, by setting the KubeletPSI feature gate. The information is also exposed in the Summary API.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

container_pressure_cpu_stalled_seconds_total
container_pressure_cpu_waiting_seconds_total
container_pressure_memory_stalled_seconds_total
container_pressure_memory_waiting_seconds_total
container_pressure_io_stalled_seconds_total
container_pressure_io_waiting_seconds_total

Response: This text code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | This feature is enabled by default, by setting the KubeletPSI feature gate. The information is also exposed in the Summary API.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

--allow-metric-labels <metric_name>,<label_name>='<allow_value1>, <allow_value2>...', <metric_name2>,<label_name>='<allow_value1>, <allow_value2>...', ...

Response: This text code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Here is an example:

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Here is an example:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

--allow-metric-labels number_count_metric,odd_number='1,3,5', number_count_metric,even_number='2,4,6', date_gauge_metric,weekend='Saturday,Sunday'

Response: This text code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | In addition to specifying this from the CLI, this can also be done within a configuration file. You can specify the path to that configuration file using the --allow-metric-labels-manifest command lin

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | In addition to specifying this from the CLI, this can also be done within a configuration file. You can specify the path to that configuration file using the --allow-metric-labels-manifest command lin


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

"metric1,label2": "v1,v2,v3"
"metric2,label1": "v1,v2,v3"

Response: This text code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Additionally, the cardinality_enforcement_unexpected_categorizations_total meta-metric records the count of unexpected categorizations during cardinality enforcement, that is, whenever a label value i

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Additionally, the cardinality_enforcement_unexpected_categorizations_total meta-metric records the count of unexpected categorizations during cardinality enforcement, that is, whenever a label value i


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

count(kube_pod_status_ready{condition="false"}) by (namespace, pod)

Response: This text code 11 - Metrics for Kubernetes Object States | Metrics generated from kube-state-metrics also allow for alerting on issues in the cluster.

Context: 11 - Metrics for Kubernetes Object States | Metrics generated from kube-state-metrics also allow for alerting on issues in the cluster.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

groups:
- name: Pod state
  rules:
  - alert: PodsBlockedInTerminatingState
    expr: count(kube_pod_deletion_timestamp) by (namespace, pod) * count(kube_pod_status_reason{reason="NodeLost"} == 0) by (namespace, pod) > 0

Response:
    for: 5m
    labels:
      severity: page
    annotations:
      summary: Pod {{$labels.namespace}}/{{$labels.pod}} blocked in Terminating state.

Context: 11 - Metrics for Kubernetes Object States | System component logs record events happening in cluster, which can be very useful for debugging. You can configure log verbosity to see more or less detail. Logs can be as coarse-grained as showing e


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

groups:
- name: Pod state
  rules:
  - alert: PodsBlockedInTerminatingState
    expr: count(kube_pod_deletion_timestamp) by (namespace, pod) * count(kube_pod_status_reason{reason="NodeLost"} == 0) by (namespace, pod) > 0
    for: 5m
    labels:
      severity: page
    annotations:
      summary: Pod {{$labels.namespace}}/{{$labels.pod}} blocked in Terminating state.

Response: This text code 11 - Metrics for Kubernetes Object States | System component logs record events happening in cluster, which can be very useful for debugging. You can configure log verbosity to see more or less detail. Logs can be as coarse-grained as showing e


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

I1025 00:15:15.525108       1 httplog.go:79] GET /api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/metrics-server-v0.3.1-57c75779f-9p8wg: (1.512ms) 200 [pod_nanny/v0.0.0 (linux/amd64) kubernetes/$Format 10.56.1.19:51756]

Response: This text code 12 - System Logs | The message string may contain line breaks:

Context: 12 - System Logs | The message string may contain line breaks:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

I1025 00:15:15.525108       1 example.go:79] This is a message
which has a line break.

Response: This text code 12 - System Logs | Migration to structured log messages is an ongoing process. Not all log messages are structured in this version. When parsing log files, you must also handle unstructured log messages.

Context: 12 - System Logs | Migration to structured log messages is an ongoing process. Not all log messages are structured in this version. When parsing log files, you must also handle unstructured log messages.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

<klog header> "<message>" <key1>="<value1>" <key2>="<value2>" ...

Response: This text code 12 - System Logs | Example:

Context: 12 - System Logs | Example:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

I1025 00:15:15.525108       1 controller_utils.go:116] "Pod status updated" pod="kube-system/kubedns" status="ready"

Response: This text code 12 - System Logs | Strings are quoted. Other values are formatted with %+v, which may cause log messages to continue on the next line depending on the data.

Context: 12 - System Logs | Strings are quoted. Other values are formatted with %+v, which may cause log messages to continue on the next line depending on the data.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

I1025 00:15:15.525108       1 example.go:116] "Example" data="This is text with a line break\nand \"quotation marks\"." someInt=1 someFloat=0.1 someStruct={StringField: First line,
second line.}

Response: This text code 12 - System Logs | Contextual logging builds on top of structured logging. It is primarily about how developers use logging calls: code based on that concept is more flexible and supports additional use cases as describ

Context: 12 - System Logs | Contextual logging builds on top of structured logging. It is primarily about how developers use logging calls: code based on that concept is more flexible and supports additional use cases as describ


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

$ cd $GOPATH/src/k8s.io/kubernetes/staging/src/k8s.io/component-base/logs/example/cmd/
$ go run . --help
...
      --feature-gates mapStringBool  A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for alpha/experimental features. Options are:
                                     AllAlpha=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)

Response:
                                     AllBeta=true|false (BETA - default=false)
                                     ContextualLogging=true|false (BETA - default=true)
$ go run . --feature-gates ContextualLogging=true
...
I0222 15:13:31.645988  197901 example.go:54] "runtime" logger="example.myname" foo="bar" duration="1m0s"
I0222 15:13:31.646007  197901 example.go:55] "another runtime" logger="example" foo="bar" duration="1h0m0s" duration="1m0s"

Context: 12 - System Logs | The logger key and foo="bar" were added by the caller of the function which logs the runtime message and duration="1m0s" value, without having to modify that function.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

$ cd $GOPATH/src/k8s.io/kubernetes/staging/src/k8s.io/component-base/logs/example/cmd/
$ go run . --help
...
      --feature-gates mapStringBool  A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for alpha/experimental features. Options are:
                                     AllAlpha=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
                                     AllBeta=true|false (BETA - default=false)
                                     ContextualLogging=true|false (BETA - default=true)
$ go run . --feature-gates ContextualLogging=true
...
I0222 15:13:31.645988  197901 example.go:54] "runtime" logger="example.myname" foo="bar" duration="1m0s"
I0222 15:13:31.646007  197901 example.go:55] "another runtime" logger="example" foo="bar" duration="1h0m0s" duration="1m0s"

Response: This text code 12 - System Logs | The logger key and foo="bar" were added by the caller of the function which logs the runtime message and duration="1m0s" value, without having to modify that function.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

$ go run . --feature-gates ContextualLogging=false
...

Response:
I0222 15:14:40.497333  198174 example.go:54] "runtime" duration="1m0s"
I0222 15:14:40.497346  198174 example.go:55] "another runtime" duration="1h0m0s" duration="1m0s"

Context: 12 - System Logs | JSON output does not support many standard klog flags. For list of unsupported klog flags, see the Command line tool reference.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

$ go run . --feature-gates ContextualLogging=false
...
I0222 15:14:40.497333  198174 example.go:54] "runtime" duration="1m0s"
I0222 15:14:40.497346  198174 example.go:55] "another runtime" duration="1h0m0s" duration="1m0s"

Response: This text code 12 - System Logs | JSON output does not support many standard klog flags. For list of unsupported klog flags, see the Command line tool reference.


Prompt:
Complete this json code:

{
   "ts": 1580306777.04728,
   "v": 4,
   "msg": "Pod status updated",
   "pod":{

Response:
      "name": "nginx-1",
      "namespace": "default"
   },
   "status": "ready"
}

Context: 12 - System Logs | Keys with special meaning:


Prompt:
Explain this json code:

{
   "ts": 1580306777.04728,
   "v": 4,
   "msg": "Pod status updated",
   "pod":{
      "name": "nginx-1",
      "namespace": "default"
   },
   "status": "ready"
}

Response: This json code 12 - System Logs | Keys with special meaning:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Fetch kubelet logs from a node named node-1.example
kubectl get --raw "/api/v1/nodes/node-1.example/proxy/logs/?query=kubelet"

Response: This text code 12 - System Logs | You can also fetch files, provided that the files are in a directory that the kubelet allows for log fetches. For example, you can fetch a log from /var/log on a Linux node:

Context: 12 - System Logs | You can also fetch files, provided that the files are in a directory that the kubelet allows for log fetches. For example, you can fetch a log from /var/log on a Linux node:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get --raw "/api/v1/nodes/<insert-node-name-here>/proxy/logs/?query=/<insert-log-file-name-here>"

Response: This bash code 12 - System Logs | The kubelet uses heuristics to retrieve logs. This helps if you are not aware whether a given system service is writing logs to the operating system's native logger like journald or to a log file in /

Context: 12 - System Logs | The kubelet uses heuristics to retrieve logs. This helps if you are not aware whether a given system service is writing logs to the operating system's native logger like journald or to a log file in /


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Fetch kubelet logs from a node named node-1.example that have the word "error"
kubectl get --raw "/api/v1/nodes/node-1.example/proxy/logs/?query=kubelet&pattern=error"

Response: This text code 12 - System Logs | System component traces record the latency of and relationships between operations in the cluster.

Context: 12 - System Logs | System component traces record the latency of and relationships between operations in the cluster.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

receivers:
  otlp:
    protocols:
      grpc:
exporters:
  # Replace this exporter with the exporter for your backend
  exporters:

Response:
    debug:
      verbosity: detailed
service:
  pipelines:
    traces:
      receivers: [otlp]
      exporters: [debug]

Context: 13 - Traces For Kubernetes System Components | To directly emit traces to a backend without utilizing a collector, specify the endpoint field in the Kubernetes tracing configuration file with the desired trace backend address. This method negates


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

receivers:
  otlp:
    protocols:
      grpc:
exporters:
  # Replace this exporter with the exporter for your backend
  exporters:
    debug:
      verbosity: detailed
service:
  pipelines:
    traces:
      receivers: [otlp]
      exporters: [debug]

Response: This text code 13 - Traces For Kubernetes System Components | To directly emit traces to a backend without utilizing a collector, specify the endpoint field in the Kubernetes tracing configuration file with the desired trace backend address. This method negates


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: TracingConfiguration

Response:
# default value
#endpoint: localhost:4317
samplingRatePerMillion: 100

Context: 13 - Traces For Kubernetes System Components | For more information about the TracingConfiguration struct, see API server config API (v1).


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: TracingConfiguration
# default value
#endpoint: localhost:4317
samplingRatePerMillion: 100

Response: This yaml code 13 - Traces For Kubernetes System Components | For more information about the TracingConfiguration struct, see API server config API (v1).


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: KubeletConfiguration
tracing:

Response:
  # default value
  #endpoint: localhost:4317
  samplingRatePerMillion: 100

Context: 13 - Traces For Kubernetes System Components | If the samplingRatePerMillion is set to one million (1000000), then every span will be sent to the exporter.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: KubeletConfiguration
tracing:
  # default value
  #endpoint: localhost:4317
  samplingRatePerMillion: 100

Response: This yaml code 13 - Traces For Kubernetes System Components | If the samplingRatePerMillion is set to one million (1000000), then every span will be sent to the exporter.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

kube-apiserver \
--runtime-config=flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io/v1beta3=false \
 # …and other flags as usual

Response: This text code 15 - API Priority and Fairness | The command-line flag --enable-priority-and-fairness=false will disable the API Priority and Fairness feature.

Context: 15 - API Priority and Fairness | The command-line flag --enable-priority-and-fairness=false will disable the API Priority and Fairness feature.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io/v1
kind: FlowSchema
metadata:
  name: health-for-strangers
spec:
  matchingPrecedence: 1000
  priorityLevelConfiguration:
    name: exempt
  rules:
    - nonResourceRules:

Response:
      - nonResourceURLs:
          - "/healthz"
          - "/livez"
          - "/readyz"
        verbs:
          - "*"
      subjects:
        - kind: Group
          group:
            name: "system:unauthenticated"

Context: 15 - API Priority and Fairness | When you enable the API Priority and Fairness feature, the kube-apiserver exports additional metrics. Monitoring these can help you determine whether your configuration is inappropriately throttling i


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io/v1
kind: FlowSchema
metadata:
  name: health-for-strangers
spec:
  matchingPrecedence: 1000
  priorityLevelConfiguration:
    name: exempt
  rules:
    - nonResourceRules:
      - nonResourceURLs:
          - "/healthz"
          - "/livez"
          - "/readyz"
        verbs:
          - "*"
      subjects:
        - kind: Group
          group:
            name: "system:unauthenticated"

Response: This yaml code 15 - API Priority and Fairness | When you enable the API Priority and Fairness feature, the kube-apiserver exports additional metrics. Monitoring these can help you determine whether your configuration is inappropriately throttling i


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io/v1
kind: FlowSchema
metadata:
  name: list-events-default-service-account
spec:
  distinguisherMethod:
    type: ByUser
  matchingPrecedence: 8000
  priorityLevelConfiguration:
    name: catch-all
  rules:
    - resourceRules:

Response:
      - apiGroups:
          - '*'
        namespaces:
          - default
        resources:
          - events
        verbs:
          - list
      subjects:
        - kind: ServiceAccount
          serviceAccount:
            name: default
            namespace: default

Context: 15 - API Priority and Fairness | Add-ons extend the functionality of Kubernetes.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io/v1
kind: FlowSchema
metadata:
  name: list-events-default-service-account
spec:
  distinguisherMethod:
    type: ByUser
  matchingPrecedence: 8000
  priorityLevelConfiguration:
    name: catch-all
  rules:
    - resourceRules:
      - apiGroups:
          - '*'
        namespaces:
          - default
        resources:
          - events
        verbs:
          - list
      subjects:
        - kind: ServiceAccount
          serviceAccount:
            name: default
            namespace: default

Response: This yaml code 15 - API Priority and Fairness | Add-ons extend the functionality of Kubernetes.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Reason:         Terminated
Message:        Pod was terminated in response to imminent node shutdown.

Response: This text code 1 - Node Shutdowns | To provide more flexibility during graceful node shutdown around the ordering of pods during shutdown, graceful node shutdown honors the PriorityClass for Pods, provided that you enabled this feature

Context: 1 - Node Shutdowns | To provide more flexibility during graceful node shutdown around the ordering of pods during shutdown, graceful node shutdown honors the PriorityClass for Pods, provided that you enabled this feature


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

shutdownGracePeriodByPodPriority:
  - priority: 100000
    shutdownGracePeriodSeconds: 10
  - priority: 10000

Response:
    shutdownGracePeriodSeconds: 180
  - priority: 1000
    shutdownGracePeriodSeconds: 120
  - priority: 0
    shutdownGracePeriodSeconds: 60

Context: 1 - Node Shutdowns | The above table implies that any pod with priority value >= 100000 will get just 10 seconds to shut down, any pod with value >= 10000 and < 100000 will get 180 seconds to shut down, any pod with value


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

shutdownGracePeriodByPodPriority:
  - priority: 100000
    shutdownGracePeriodSeconds: 10
  - priority: 10000
    shutdownGracePeriodSeconds: 180
  - priority: 1000
    shutdownGracePeriodSeconds: 120
  - priority: 0
    shutdownGracePeriodSeconds: 60

Response: This yaml code 1 - Node Shutdowns | The above table implies that any pod with priority value >= 100000 will get just 10 seconds to shut down, any pod with value >= 10000 and < 100000 will get 180 seconds to shut down, any pod with value


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME    CPU(cores)   CPU(%)   MEMORY(bytes)   MEMORY(%)   SWAP(bytes)    SWAP(%)
node1   1m           10%      2Mi             10%         1Mi            0%

Response:
node2   5m           10%      6Mi             10%         2Mi            0%
node3   3m           10%      4Mi             10%         <unknown>      <unknown>

Context: 2 - Swap memory management | In order to receive information about swap usage by pods, kubectl top nodes --show-swap can be used:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME    CPU(cores)   CPU(%)   MEMORY(bytes)   MEMORY(%)   SWAP(bytes)    SWAP(%)
node1   1m           10%      2Mi             10%         1Mi            0%
node2   5m           10%      6Mi             10%         2Mi            0%
node3   3m           10%      4Mi             10%         <unknown>      <unknown>

Response: This text code 2 - Swap memory management | In order to receive information about swap usage by pods, kubectl top nodes --show-swap can be used:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME                                      CPU(cores)   MEMORY(bytes)   SWAP(bytes)
coredns-58d5bc5cdb-5nbk4                  2m           19Mi            0Mi
coredns-58d5bc5cdb-jsh26                  3m           37Mi            0Mi
etcd-node01                               51m          143Mi           5Mi
kube-apiserver-node01                     98m          824Mi           16Mi

Response:
kube-controller-manager-node01            20m          135Mi           9Mi
kube-proxy-ffgs2                          1m           24Mi            0Mi
kube-proxy-fhvwx                          1m           39Mi            0Mi
kube-scheduler-node01                     13m          69Mi            0Mi
metrics-server-8598789fdb-d2kcj           5m           26Mi            0Mi

Context: 2 - Swap memory management | A new node status field is now added, node.status.nodeInfo.swap.capacity, to report the swap capacity of a node.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                                      CPU(cores)   MEMORY(bytes)   SWAP(bytes)
coredns-58d5bc5cdb-5nbk4                  2m           19Mi            0Mi
coredns-58d5bc5cdb-jsh26                  3m           37Mi            0Mi
etcd-node01                               51m          143Mi           5Mi
kube-apiserver-node01                     98m          824Mi           16Mi
kube-controller-manager-node01            20m          135Mi           9Mi
kube-proxy-ffgs2                          1m           24Mi            0Mi
kube-proxy-fhvwx                          1m           39Mi            0Mi
kube-scheduler-node01                     13m          69Mi            0Mi
metrics-server-8598789fdb-d2kcj           5m           26Mi            0Mi

Response: This text code 2 - Swap memory management | A new node status field is now added, node.status.nodeInfo.swap.capacity, to report the swap capacity of a node.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl get nodes -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{.metadata.name}}: {{if .status.nodeInfo.swap.capacity}}{{.status.nodeInfo.swap.capacity}}{{else}}<unknown>{{end}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}'

Response: This shell code 2 - Swap memory management | This will result in an output similar to:

Context: 2 - Swap memory management | This will result in an output similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

node1: 21474836480
node2: 42949664768
node3: <unknown>

Response: This text code 2 - Swap memory management | Node Feature Discovery is a Kubernetes addon for detecting hardware features and configuration. It can be utilized to discover which nodes are provisioned with swap.

Context: 2 - Swap memory management | Node Feature Discovery is a Kubernetes addon for detecting hardware features and configuration. It can be utilized to discover which nodes are provisioned with swap.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl get nodes -o jsonpath='{range .items[?(@.metadata.labels.feature\.node\.kubernetes\.io/memory-swap)]}{.metadata.name}{"\t"}{.metadata.labels.feature\.node\.kubernetes\.io/memory-swap}{"\n"}{end}'

Response: This shell code 2 - Swap memory management | This will result in an output similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

k8s-worker1: true
k8s-worker2: true
k8s-worker3: false

Response: This text code 2 - Swap memory management | In this example, swap is provisioned on nodes k8s-worker1 and k8s-worker2, but not on k8s-worker3.

Context: 2 - Swap memory management | In this example, swap is provisioned on nodes k8s-worker1 and k8s-worker2, but not on k8s-worker3.


Prompt:
Explain this promql code:

sum(rate(workqueue_adds_total{name="resource_claim"}[5m]))

Response: This promql code 7 - Good practices for Dynamic Resource Allocation as a Cluster Admin | If you are experiencing low Workqueue Add Rate, high Workqueue Depth, and/or high Workqueue Work Duration, this suggests the controller isn't performing optimally. Consider tuning parameters like QPS,

Context: 7 - Good practices for Dynamic Resource Allocation as a Cluster Admin | If you are experiencing low Workqueue Add Rate, high Workqueue Depth, and/or high Workqueue Work Duration, this suggests the controller isn't performing optimally. Consider tuning parameters like QPS,


Prompt:
Explain this promql code:

sum(workqueue_depth{endpoint="kube-controller-manager",
name="resource_claim"})

Response: This promql code 7 - Good practices for Dynamic Resource Allocation as a Cluster Admin | If you are experiencing low Workqueue Add Rate, high Workqueue Depth, and/or high Workqueue Work Duration, this suggests the controller isn't performing optimally. Consider tuning parameters like QPS,


Prompt:
Explain this promql code:

histogram_quantile(0.99,
sum(rate(workqueue_work_duration_seconds_bucket{name="resource_claim"}[5m]))
by (le))

Response: This promql code 7 - Good practices for Dynamic Resource Allocation as a Cluster Admin | If you are experiencing low Workqueue Add Rate, high Workqueue Depth, and/or high Workqueue Work Duration, this suggests the controller isn't performing optimally. Consider tuning parameters like QPS,


Prompt:
Explain this promql code:

histogram_quantile(0.99,
sum(increase(scheduler_pod_scheduling_sli_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by
(le))

Response: This promql code 7 - Good practices for Dynamic Resource Allocation as a Cluster Admin | When a Pod bound to a node must have a ResourceClaim satisfied, kubelet calls the NodePrepareResources and NodeUnprepareResources methods of the DRA driver. You can observe this behavior from the kube

Context: 7 - Good practices for Dynamic Resource Allocation as a Cluster Admin | When a Pod bound to a node must have a ResourceClaim satisfied, kubelet calls the NodePrepareResources and NodeUnprepareResources methods of the DRA driver. You can observe this behavior from the kube


Prompt:
Explain this promql code:

histogram_quantile(0.99,
sum(increase(scheduler_scheduling_algorithm_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by
(le))

Response: This promql code 7 - Good practices for Dynamic Resource Allocation as a Cluster Admin | When a Pod bound to a node must have a ResourceClaim satisfied, kubelet calls the NodePrepareResources and NodeUnprepareResources methods of the DRA driver. You can observe this behavior from the kube


Prompt:
Explain this promql code:

histogram_quantile(0.99,
sum(rate(dra_operations_duration_seconds_bucket{operation_name="PrepareResources"}[5m]))
by (le))

Response: This promql code 7 - Good practices for Dynamic Resource Allocation as a Cluster Admin | DRA drivers implement the kubeletplugin package interface which surfaces its own metric for the underlying gRPC operation NodePrepareResources and NodeUnprepareResources. You can observe this behavior

Context: 7 - Good practices for Dynamic Resource Allocation as a Cluster Admin | DRA drivers implement the kubeletplugin package interface which surfaces its own metric for the underlying gRPC operation NodePrepareResources and NodeUnprepareResources. You can observe this behavior


Prompt:
Explain this promql code:

histogram_quantile(0.99,
sum(rate(dra_operations_duration_seconds_bucket{operation_name="UnprepareResources"}[5m]))
by (le))

Response: This promql code 7 - Good practices for Dynamic Resource Allocation as a Cluster Admin | DRA drivers implement the kubeletplugin package interface which surfaces its own metric for the underlying gRPC operation NodePrepareResources and NodeUnprepareResources. You can observe this behavior


Prompt:
Explain this promql code:

histogram_quantile(0.99,
sum(rate(dra_grpc_operations_duration_seconds_bucket{method_name=~".*NodePrepareResources"}[5m]))
by (le))

Response: This promql code 7 - Good practices for Dynamic Resource Allocation as a Cluster Admin | Application logs can help you understand what is happening inside your application. The logs are particularly useful for debugging problems and monitoring cluster activity. Most modern applications ha

Context: 7 - Good practices for Dynamic Resource Allocation as a Cluster Admin | Application logs can help you understand what is happening inside your application. The logs are particularly useful for debugging problems and monitoring cluster activity. Most modern applications ha


Prompt:
Explain this promql code:

histogram_quantile(0.99,
sum(rate(dra_grpc_operations_duration_seconds_bucket{method_name=~".*NodeUnprepareResources"}[5m]))
by (le))

Response: This promql code 7 - Good practices for Dynamic Resource Allocation as a Cluster Admin | Application logs can help you understand what is happening inside your application. The logs are particularly useful for debugging problems and monitoring cluster activity. Most modern applications ha


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:

Response:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c,
            'i=0; while true; do echo "$i: $(date)"; i=$((i+1)); sleep 1; done']

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | To run this pod, use the following command:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c,
            'i=0; while true; do echo "$i: $(date)"; i=$((i+1)); sleep 1; done']

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | To run this pod, use the following command:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/debug/counter-pod.yaml

Response: This shell code 8 - Logging Architecture | The output is:

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | The output is:


Prompt:
Explain this console code:

0: Fri Apr  1 11:42:23 UTC 2022
1: Fri Apr  1 11:42:24 UTC 2022
2: Fri Apr  1 11:42:25 UTC 2022

Response: This console code 8 - Logging Architecture | You can use kubectl logs --previous to retrieve logs from a previous instantiation of a container. If your pod has multiple containers, specify which container's logs you want to access by appending a

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | You can use kubectl logs --previous to retrieve logs from a previous instantiation of a container. If your pod has multiple containers, specify which container's logs you want to access by appending a


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter-err
spec:

Response:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c,
            'i=0; while true; do echo "$i: $(date)"; echo "$i: err" >&2 ; i=$((i+1)); sleep 1; done']


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter-err
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c,
            'i=0; while true; do echo "$i: $(date)"; echo "$i: err" >&2 ; i=$((i+1)); sleep 1; done']

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | To run this pod, use the following command:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/debug/counter-pod-err.yaml

Response: This shell code 8 - Logging Architecture | To fetch only the stderr log stream, you can run:

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | To fetch only the stderr log stream, you can run:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl get --raw "/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/counter-err/log?stream=Stderr"

Response: This shell code 8 - Logging Architecture | See the kubectl logs documentation for more details.

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | See the kubectl logs documentation for more details.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;

Response:
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | It is not recommended to write log entries with different formats to the same log stream, even if you managed to redirect both components to the stdout stream of the container. Instead, you can create


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | It is not recommended to write log entries with different formats to the same log stream, even if you managed to redirect both components to the stdout stream of the container. Instead, you can create


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

admin/logging/two-files-counter-pod-streaming-sidecar.yaml

Response: This text code 8 - Logging Architecture | Now when you run this pod, you can access each log stream separately by running the following commands:

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | Now when you run this pod, you can access each log stream separately by running the following commands:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;

Response:
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-log-1
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c, 'tail -n+1 -F /var/log/1.log']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-log-2
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c, 'tail -n+1 -F /var/log/2.log']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-log-1
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c, 'tail -n+1 -F /var/log/1.log']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-log-2
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c, 'tail -n+1 -F /var/log/2.log']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | Now when you run this pod, you can access each log stream separately by running the following commands:


Prompt:
Complete this console code:

0: Fri Apr  1 11:42:26 UTC 2022
1: Fri Apr  1 11:42:27 UTC 2022

Response:
2: Fri Apr  1 11:42:28 UTC 2022
...

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this console code:

0: Fri Apr  1 11:42:26 UTC 2022
1: Fri Apr  1 11:42:27 UTC 2022
2: Fri Apr  1 11:42:28 UTC 2022
...

Response: This console code 8 - Logging Architecture | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this console code:

Fri Apr  1 11:42:29 UTC 2022 INFO 0
Fri Apr  1 11:42:30 UTC 2022 INFO 0

Response:
Fri Apr  1 11:42:31 UTC 2022 INFO 0
...

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | If you installed a node-level agent in your cluster, that agent picks up those log streams automatically without any further configuration. If you like, you can configure the agent to parse log lines


Prompt:
Explain this console code:

Fri Apr  1 11:42:29 UTC 2022 INFO 0
Fri Apr  1 11:42:30 UTC 2022 INFO 0
Fri Apr  1 11:42:31 UTC 2022 INFO 0
...

Response: This console code 8 - Logging Architecture | If you installed a node-level agent in your cluster, that agent picks up those log streams automatically without any further configuration. If you like, you can configure the agent to parse log lines


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: fluentd-config
data:
  fluentd.conf: |
    <source>
      type tail
      format none
      path /var/log/1.log
      pos_file /var/log/1.log.pos
      tag count.format1

Response:
    </source>

    <source>
      type tail
      format none
      path /var/log/2.log
      pos_file /var/log/2.log.pos
      tag count.format2
    </source>

    <match **>
      type google_cloud
    </match>

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | The second manifest describes a pod that has a sidecar container running fluentd. The pod mounts a volume where fluentd can pick up its configuration data.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: fluentd-config
data:
  fluentd.conf: |
    <source>
      type tail
      format none
      path /var/log/1.log
      pos_file /var/log/1.log.pos
      tag count.format1
    </source>

    <source>
      type tail
      format none
      path /var/log/2.log
      pos_file /var/log/2.log.pos
      tag count.format2
    </source>

    <match **>
      type google_cloud
    </match>

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | The second manifest describes a pod that has a sidecar container running fluentd. The pod mounts a volume where fluentd can pick up its configuration data.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

admin/logging/two-files-counter-pod-agent-sidecar.yaml

Response: This text code 8 - Logging Architecture |

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture |


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;

Response:
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-agent
    image: registry.k8s.io/fluentd-gcp:1.30
    env:
    - name: FLUENTD_ARGS
      value: -c /etc/fluentd-config/fluentd.conf
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
    - name: config-volume
      mountPath: /etc/fluentd-config
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}
  - name: config-volume
    configMap:
      name: fluentd-config

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture |


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-agent
    image: registry.k8s.io/fluentd-gcp:1.30
    env:
    - name: FLUENTD_ARGS
      value: -c /etc/fluentd-config/fluentd.conf
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
    - name: config-volume
      mountPath: /etc/fluentd-config
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}
  - name: config-volume
    configMap:
      name: fluentd-config

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture |

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture |


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: prometheus

Response:
rules:
  - nonResourceURLs:
      - "/metrics"
    verbs:
      - get

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Alpha metric → Stable metric → Deprecated metric → Hidden metric → Deleted metric


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: prometheus
rules:
  - nonResourceURLs:
      - "/metrics"
    verbs:
      - get

Response: This yaml code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Alpha metric → Stable metric → Deprecated metric → Hidden metric → Deleted metric


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# HELP some_counter this counts things
# TYPE some_counter counter
some_counter 0

Response: This text code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | After deprecation

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | After deprecation


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# HELP some_counter (Deprecated since 1.15.0) this counts things
# TYPE some_counter counter
some_counter 0

Response: This text code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Hidden metrics are no longer published for scraping, but are still available for use. To use a hidden metric, please refer to the Show hidden metrics section.

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Hidden metrics are no longer published for scraping, but are still available for use. To use a hidden metric, please refer to the Show hidden metrics section.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "instance_list"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "disk_insert"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "disk_delete"}

Response:
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "attach_disk"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "detach_disk"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "list_disk"}

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | The scheduler exposes optional metrics that reports the requested resources and the desired limits of all running pods. These metrics can be used to build capacity planning dashboards, assess current


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "instance_list"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "disk_insert"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "disk_delete"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "attach_disk"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "detach_disk"}
cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "list_disk"}

Response: This text code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | The scheduler exposes optional metrics that reports the requested resources and the desired limits of all running pods. These metrics can be used to build capacity planning dashboards, assess current


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

container_pressure_cpu_stalled_seconds_total
container_pressure_cpu_waiting_seconds_total
container_pressure_memory_stalled_seconds_total

Response:
container_pressure_memory_waiting_seconds_total
container_pressure_io_stalled_seconds_total
container_pressure_io_waiting_seconds_total

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | This feature is enabled by default, by setting the KubeletPSI feature gate. The information is also exposed in the Summary API.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

container_pressure_cpu_stalled_seconds_total
container_pressure_cpu_waiting_seconds_total
container_pressure_memory_stalled_seconds_total
container_pressure_memory_waiting_seconds_total
container_pressure_io_stalled_seconds_total
container_pressure_io_waiting_seconds_total

Response: This text code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | This feature is enabled by default, by setting the KubeletPSI feature gate. The information is also exposed in the Summary API.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

--allow-metric-labels <metric_name>,<label_name>='<allow_value1>, <allow_value2>...', <metric_name2>,<label_name>='<allow_value1>, <allow_value2>...', ...

Response: This text code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Here is an example:

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Here is an example:


Prompt:
Explain this none code:

--allow-metric-labels number_count_metric,odd_number='1,3,5', number_count_metric,even_number='2,4,6', date_gauge_metric,weekend='Saturday,Sunday'

Response: This none code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | In addition to specifying this from the CLI, this can also be done within a configuration file. You can specify the path to that configuration file using the --allow-metric-labels-manifest command lin

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | In addition to specifying this from the CLI, this can also be done within a configuration file. You can specify the path to that configuration file using the --allow-metric-labels-manifest command lin


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

"metric1,label2": "v1,v2,v3"
"metric2,label1": "v1,v2,v3"

Response: This yaml code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Additionally, the cardinality_enforcement_unexpected_categorizations_total meta-metric records the count of unexpected categorizations during cardinality enforcement, that is, whenever a label value i

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Additionally, the cardinality_enforcement_unexpected_categorizations_total meta-metric records the count of unexpected categorizations during cardinality enforcement, that is, whenever a label value i


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

cardinality_enforcement_unexpected_categorizations_total

Response: This text code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | The state of Kubernetes objects in the Kubernetes API can be exposed as metrics. An add-on agent called kube-state-metrics can connect to the Kubernetes API server and expose a HTTP endpoint with metr

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | The state of Kubernetes objects in the Kubernetes API can be exposed as metrics. An add-on agent called kube-state-metrics can connect to the Kubernetes API server and expose a HTTP endpoint with metr


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

count(kube_pod_status_ready{condition="false"}) by (namespace, pod)

Response: This text code 11 - Metrics for Kubernetes Object States | Metrics generated from kube-state-metrics also allow for alerting on issues in the cluster.

Context: 11 - Metrics for Kubernetes Object States | Metrics generated from kube-state-metrics also allow for alerting on issues in the cluster.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

groups:
- name: Pod state
  rules:
  - alert: PodsBlockedInTerminatingState
    expr: count(kube_pod_deletion_timestamp) by (namespace, pod) * count(kube_pod_status_reason{reason="NodeLost"} == 0) by (namespace, pod) > 0

Response:
    for: 5m
    labels:
      severity: page
    annotations:
      summary: Pod {{$labels.namespace}}/{{$labels.pod}} blocked in Terminating state.

Context: 11 - Metrics for Kubernetes Object States | System component logs record events happening in cluster, which can be very useful for debugging. You can configure log verbosity to see more or less detail. Logs can be as coarse-grained as showing e


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

groups:
- name: Pod state
  rules:
  - alert: PodsBlockedInTerminatingState
    expr: count(kube_pod_deletion_timestamp) by (namespace, pod) * count(kube_pod_status_reason{reason="NodeLost"} == 0) by (namespace, pod) > 0
    for: 5m
    labels:
      severity: page
    annotations:
      summary: Pod {{$labels.namespace}}/{{$labels.pod}} blocked in Terminating state.

Response: This yaml code 11 - Metrics for Kubernetes Object States | System component logs record events happening in cluster, which can be very useful for debugging. You can configure log verbosity to see more or less detail. Logs can be as coarse-grained as showing e


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

kube-log-runner -log-file=/tmp/log -redirect-stderr=false

Response: This text code 12 - System Logs | An example of the traditional klog native format:

Context: 12 - System Logs | An example of the traditional klog native format:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

I1025 00:15:15.525108       1 httplog.go:79] GET /api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/metrics-server-v0.3.1-57c75779f-9p8wg: (1.512ms) 200 [pod_nanny/v0.0.0 (linux/amd64) kubernetes/$Format 10.56.1.19:51756]

Response: This text code 12 - System Logs | The message string may contain line breaks:

Context: 12 - System Logs | The message string may contain line breaks:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

I1025 00:15:15.525108       1 example.go:79] This is a message
which has a line break.

Response: This text code 12 - System Logs | Migration to structured log messages is an ongoing process. Not all log messages are structured in this version. When parsing log files, you must also handle unstructured log messages.

Context: 12 - System Logs | Migration to structured log messages is an ongoing process. Not all log messages are structured in this version. When parsing log files, you must also handle unstructured log messages.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

<klog header> "<message>" <key1>="<value1>" <key2>="<value2>" ...

Response: This text code 12 - System Logs | Example:

Context: 12 - System Logs | Example:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

I1025 00:15:15.525108       1 controller_utils.go:116] "Pod status updated" pod="kube-system/kubedns" status="ready"

Response: This text code 12 - System Logs | Strings are quoted. Other values are formatted with %+v, which may cause log messages to continue on the next line depending on the data.

Context: 12 - System Logs | Strings are quoted. Other values are formatted with %+v, which may cause log messages to continue on the next line depending on the data.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

I1025 00:15:15.525108       1 example.go:116] "Example" data="This is text with a line break\nand \"quotation marks\"." someInt=1 someFloat=0.1 someStruct={StringField: First line,
second line.}

Response: This text code 12 - System Logs | Contextual logging builds on top of structured logging. It is primarily about how developers use logging calls: code based on that concept is more flexible and supports additional use cases as describ

Context: 12 - System Logs | Contextual logging builds on top of structured logging. It is primarily about how developers use logging calls: code based on that concept is more flexible and supports additional use cases as describ


Prompt:
Complete this console code:

$ cd $GOPATH/src/k8s.io/kubernetes/staging/src/k8s.io/component-base/logs/example/cmd/
$ go run . --help
...
      --feature-gates mapStringBool  A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for alpha/experimental features. Options are:
                                     AllAlpha=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)

Response:
                                     AllBeta=true|false (BETA - default=false)
                                     ContextualLogging=true|false (BETA - default=true)
$ go run . --feature-gates ContextualLogging=true
...
I0222 15:13:31.645988  197901 example.go:54] "runtime" logger="example.myname" foo="bar" duration="1m0s"
I0222 15:13:31.646007  197901 example.go:55] "another runtime" logger="example" foo="bar" duration="1h0m0s" duration="1m0s"

Context: 12 - System Logs | The logger key and foo="bar" were added by the caller of the function which logs the runtime message and duration="1m0s" value, without having to modify that function.


Prompt:
Explain this console code:

$ cd $GOPATH/src/k8s.io/kubernetes/staging/src/k8s.io/component-base/logs/example/cmd/
$ go run . --help
...
      --feature-gates mapStringBool  A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for alpha/experimental features. Options are:
                                     AllAlpha=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
                                     AllBeta=true|false (BETA - default=false)
                                     ContextualLogging=true|false (BETA - default=true)
$ go run . --feature-gates ContextualLogging=true
...
I0222 15:13:31.645988  197901 example.go:54] "runtime" logger="example.myname" foo="bar" duration="1m0s"
I0222 15:13:31.646007  197901 example.go:55] "another runtime" logger="example" foo="bar" duration="1h0m0s" duration="1m0s"

Response: This console code 12 - System Logs | The logger key and foo="bar" were added by the caller of the function which logs the runtime message and duration="1m0s" value, without having to modify that function.


Prompt:
Complete this console code:

$ go run . --feature-gates ContextualLogging=false
...

Response:
I0222 15:14:40.497333  198174 example.go:54] "runtime" duration="1m0s"
I0222 15:14:40.497346  198174 example.go:55] "another runtime" duration="1h0m0s" duration="1m0s"

Context: 12 - System Logs | JSON output does not support many standard klog flags. For list of unsupported klog flags, see the Command line tool reference.


Prompt:
Explain this console code:

$ go run . --feature-gates ContextualLogging=false
...
I0222 15:14:40.497333  198174 example.go:54] "runtime" duration="1m0s"
I0222 15:14:40.497346  198174 example.go:55] "another runtime" duration="1h0m0s" duration="1m0s"

Response: This console code 12 - System Logs | JSON output does not support many standard klog flags. For list of unsupported klog flags, see the Command line tool reference.


Prompt:
Complete this json code:

{
   "ts": 1580306777.04728,
   "v": 4,
   "msg": "Pod status updated",
   "pod":{

Response:
      "name": "nginx-1",
      "namespace": "default"
   },
   "status": "ready"
}

Context: 12 - System Logs | Keys with special meaning:


Prompt:
Explain this json code:

{
   "ts": 1580306777.04728,
   "v": 4,
   "msg": "Pod status updated",
   "pod":{
      "name": "nginx-1",
      "namespace": "default"
   },
   "status": "ready"
}

Response: This json code 12 - System Logs | Keys with special meaning:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# Fetch kubelet logs from a node named node-1.example
kubectl get --raw "/api/v1/nodes/node-1.example/proxy/logs/?query=kubelet"

Response: This shell code 12 - System Logs | You can also fetch files, provided that the files are in a directory that the kubelet allows for log fetches. For example, you can fetch a log from /var/log on a Linux node:

Context: 12 - System Logs | You can also fetch files, provided that the files are in a directory that the kubelet allows for log fetches. For example, you can fetch a log from /var/log on a Linux node:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl get --raw "/api/v1/nodes/<insert-node-name-here>/proxy/logs/?query=/<insert-log-file-name-here>"

Response: This shell code 12 - System Logs | The kubelet uses heuristics to retrieve logs. This helps if you are not aware whether a given system service is writing logs to the operating system's native logger like journald or to a log file in /

Context: 12 - System Logs | The kubelet uses heuristics to retrieve logs. This helps if you are not aware whether a given system service is writing logs to the operating system's native logger like journald or to a log file in /


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# Fetch kubelet logs from a node named node-1.example that have the word "error"
kubectl get --raw "/api/v1/nodes/node-1.example/proxy/logs/?query=kubelet&pattern=error"

Response: This shell code 12 - System Logs | System component traces record the latency of and relationships between operations in the cluster.

Context: 12 - System Logs | System component traces record the latency of and relationships between operations in the cluster.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

receivers:
  otlp:
    protocols:
      grpc:
exporters:
  # Replace this exporter with the exporter for your backend
  exporters:

Response:
    debug:
      verbosity: detailed
service:
  pipelines:
    traces:
      receivers: [otlp]
      exporters: [debug]

Context: 13 - Traces For Kubernetes System Components | To directly emit traces to a backend without utilizing a collector, specify the endpoint field in the Kubernetes tracing configuration file with the desired trace backend address. This method negates


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

receivers:
  otlp:
    protocols:
      grpc:
exporters:
  # Replace this exporter with the exporter for your backend
  exporters:
    debug:
      verbosity: detailed
service:
  pipelines:
    traces:
      receivers: [otlp]
      exporters: [debug]

Response: This yaml code 13 - Traces For Kubernetes System Components | To directly emit traces to a backend without utilizing a collector, specify the endpoint field in the Kubernetes tracing configuration file with the desired trace backend address. This method negates


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: TracingConfiguration

Response:
# default value
#endpoint: localhost:4317
samplingRatePerMillion: 100

Context: 13 - Traces For Kubernetes System Components | For more information about the TracingConfiguration struct, see API server config API (v1).


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: TracingConfiguration
# default value
#endpoint: localhost:4317
samplingRatePerMillion: 100

Response: This yaml code 13 - Traces For Kubernetes System Components | For more information about the TracingConfiguration struct, see API server config API (v1).


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: KubeletConfiguration
tracing:

Response:
  # default value
  #endpoint: localhost:4317
  samplingRatePerMillion: 100

Context: 13 - Traces For Kubernetes System Components | If the samplingRatePerMillion is set to one million (1000000), then every span will be sent to the exporter.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: KubeletConfiguration
tracing:
  # default value
  #endpoint: localhost:4317
  samplingRatePerMillion: 100

Response: This yaml code 13 - Traces For Kubernetes System Components | If the samplingRatePerMillion is set to one million (1000000), then every span will be sent to the exporter.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kube-apiserver \
--runtime-config=flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io/v1beta3=false \
 # …and other flags as usual

Response: This shell code 15 - API Priority and Fairness | The command-line flag --enable-priority-and-fairness=false will disable the API Priority and Fairness feature.

Context: 15 - API Priority and Fairness | The command-line flag --enable-priority-and-fairness=false will disable the API Priority and Fairness feature.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io/v1
kind: FlowSchema
metadata:
  name: health-for-strangers
spec:
  matchingPrecedence: 1000
  priorityLevelConfiguration:
    name: exempt
  rules:
    - nonResourceRules:

Response:
      - nonResourceURLs:
          - "/healthz"
          - "/livez"
          - "/readyz"
        verbs:
          - "*"
      subjects:
        - kind: Group
          group:
            name: "system:unauthenticated"

Context: 15 - API Priority and Fairness | When you enable the API Priority and Fairness feature, the kube-apiserver exports additional metrics. Monitoring these can help you determine whether your configuration is inappropriately throttling i


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io/v1
kind: FlowSchema
metadata:
  name: health-for-strangers
spec:
  matchingPrecedence: 1000
  priorityLevelConfiguration:
    name: exempt
  rules:
    - nonResourceRules:
      - nonResourceURLs:
          - "/healthz"
          - "/livez"
          - "/readyz"
        verbs:
          - "*"
      subjects:
        - kind: Group
          group:
            name: "system:unauthenticated"

Response: This yaml code 15 - API Priority and Fairness | When you enable the API Priority and Fairness feature, the kube-apiserver exports additional metrics. Monitoring these can help you determine whether your configuration is inappropriately throttling i


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

apiserver_flowcontrol_request_wait_duration_seconds

Response: This text code 15 - API Priority and Fairness | apiserver_flowcontrol_nominal_limit_seats is a gauge vector holding each priority level's nominal concurrency limit, computed from the API server's total concurrency limit and the priority level's con

Context: 15 - API Priority and Fairness | apiserver_flowcontrol_nominal_limit_seats is a gauge vector holding each priority level's nominal concurrency limit, computed from the API server's total concurrency limit and the priority level's con


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

apiserver_flowcontrol_read_vs_write_current_requests

Response: This text code 15 - API Priority and Fairness | apiserver_flowcontrol_request_concurrency_in_use is a gauge vector holding the instantaneous number of occupied seats, broken down by priority_level and flow_schema.

Context: 15 - API Priority and Fairness | apiserver_flowcontrol_request_concurrency_in_use is a gauge vector holding the instantaneous number of occupied seats, broken down by priority_level and flow_schema.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

apiserver_flowcontrol_priority_level_request_utilization

Response: This text code 15 - API Priority and Fairness | apiserver_flowcontrol_priority_level_seat_utilization is a histogram vector of observations, made at the end of each nanosecond, of the utilization of a priority level's concurrency limit, broken down

Context: 15 - API Priority and Fairness | apiserver_flowcontrol_priority_level_seat_utilization is a histogram vector of observations, made at the end of each nanosecond, of the utilization of a priority level's concurrency limit, broken down


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

apiserver_flowcontrol_priority_level_seat_utilization

Response: This text code 15 - API Priority and Fairness | apiserver_flowcontrol_request_queue_length_after_enqueue is a histogram vector of queue lengths for the queues, broken down by priority_level and flow_schema, as sampled by the enqueued requests. Each

Context: 15 - API Priority and Fairness | apiserver_flowcontrol_request_queue_length_after_enqueue is a histogram vector of queue lengths for the queues, broken down by priority_level and flow_schema, as sampled by the enqueued requests. Each


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

apiserver_flowcontrol_request_queue_length_after_enqueue

Response: This text code 15 - API Priority and Fairness | apiserver_flowcontrol_request_concurrency_limit is the same as apiserver_flowcontrol_nominal_limit_seats. Before the introduction of concurrency borrowing between priority levels, this was always equa

Context: 15 - API Priority and Fairness | apiserver_flowcontrol_request_concurrency_limit is the same as apiserver_flowcontrol_nominal_limit_seats. Before the introduction of concurrency borrowing between priority levels, this was always equa


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

apiserver_flowcontrol_request_dispatch_no_accommodation_total

Response: This text code 15 - API Priority and Fairness | apiserver_flowcontrol_epoch_advance_total is a counter vector of the number of attempts to jump a priority level's progress meter backward to avoid numeric overflow, grouped by priority_level and succ

Context: 15 - API Priority and Fairness | apiserver_flowcontrol_epoch_advance_total is a counter vector of the number of attempts to jump a priority level's progress meter backward to avoid numeric overflow, grouped by priority_level and succ


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

priority-and-fairness/list-events-default-service-account.yaml

Response: This text code 15 - API Priority and Fairness | Add-ons extend the functionality of Kubernetes.

Context: 15 - API Priority and Fairness | Add-ons extend the functionality of Kubernetes.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io/v1
kind: FlowSchema
metadata:
  name: list-events-default-service-account
spec:
  distinguisherMethod:
    type: ByUser
  matchingPrecedence: 8000
  priorityLevelConfiguration:
    name: catch-all
  rules:
    - resourceRules:

Response:
      - apiGroups:
          - '*'
        namespaces:
          - default
        resources:
          - events
        verbs:
          - list
      subjects:
        - kind: ServiceAccount
          serviceAccount:
            name: default
            namespace: default


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io/v1
kind: FlowSchema
metadata:
  name: list-events-default-service-account
spec:
  distinguisherMethod:
    type: ByUser
  matchingPrecedence: 8000
  priorityLevelConfiguration:
    name: catch-all
  rules:
    - resourceRules:
      - apiGroups:
          - '*'
        namespaces:
          - default
        resources:
          - events
        verbs:
          - list
      subjects:
        - kind: ServiceAccount
          serviceAccount:
            name: default
            namespace: default

Response: This yaml code 15 - API Priority and Fairness | Add-ons extend the functionality of Kubernetes.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

--runtime-config="coordination.k8s.io/v1beta1=true"

Response: This text code 17 - Coordinated Leader Election | Provided that you have enabled the CoordinatedLeaderElection feature gate andhave the coordination.k8s.io/v1beta1 API group enabled, compatible control planecomponents automatically use the LeaseCandi

Context: 17 - Coordinated Leader Election | Provided that you have enabled the CoordinatedLeaderElection feature gate andhave the coordination.k8s.io/v1beta1 API group enabled, compatible control planecomponents automatically use the LeaseCandi


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

shutdownGracePeriodByPodPriority:
  - priority: 100000
    shutdownGracePeriodSeconds: 10
  - priority: 10000

Response:
    shutdownGracePeriodSeconds: 180
  - priority: 1000
    shutdownGracePeriodSeconds: 120
  - priority: 0
    shutdownGracePeriodSeconds: 60

Context: 1 - Node Shutdowns | The above table implies that any pod with priority value >= 100000 will get just 10 seconds to shut down, any pod with value >= 10000 and < 100000 will get 180 seconds to shut down, any pod with value


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

shutdownGracePeriodByPodPriority:
  - priority: 100000
    shutdownGracePeriodSeconds: 10
  - priority: 10000
    shutdownGracePeriodSeconds: 180
  - priority: 1000
    shutdownGracePeriodSeconds: 120
  - priority: 0
    shutdownGracePeriodSeconds: 60

Response: This text code 1 - Node Shutdowns | The above table implies that any pod with priority value >= 100000 will get just 10 seconds to shut down, any pod with value >= 10000 and < 100000 will get 180 seconds to shut down, any pod with value


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get nodes -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{.metadata.name}}: {{if .status.nodeInfo.swap.capacity}}{{.status.nodeInfo.swap.capacity}}{{else}}<unknown>{{end}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}'

Response: This bash code 2 - Swap memory management | This will result in an output similar to:

Context: 2 - Swap memory management | This will result in an output similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get nodes -o jsonpath='{range .items[?(@.metadata.labels.feature\.node\.kubernetes\.io/memory-swap)]}{.metadata.name}{"\t"}{.metadata.labels.feature\.node\.kubernetes\.io/memory-swap}{"\n"}{end}'

Response: This bash code 2 - Swap memory management | This will result in an output similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

debug/counter-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter

Response:
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c,
            'i=0; while true; do echo "$i: $(date)"; i=$((i+1)); sleep 1; done']

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | To run this pod, use the following command:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

debug/counter-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c,
            'i=0; while true; do echo "$i: $(date)"; i=$((i+1)); sleep 1; done']

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | To run this pod, use the following command:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:

Response:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c,
            'i=0; while true; do echo "$i: $(date)"; i=$((i+1)); sleep 1; done']


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c,
            'i=0; while true; do echo "$i: $(date)"; i=$((i+1)); sleep 1; done']

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | To run this pod, use the following command:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/debug/counter-pod.yaml

Response: This bash code 8 - Logging Architecture | The output is:

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | The output is:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

0: Fri Apr  1 11:42:23 UTC 2022
1: Fri Apr  1 11:42:24 UTC 2022
2: Fri Apr  1 11:42:25 UTC 2022

Response: This text code 8 - Logging Architecture | You can use kubectl logs --previous to retrieve logs from a previous instantiation of a container. If your pod has multiple containers, specify which container's logs you want to access by appending a

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | You can use kubectl logs --previous to retrieve logs from a previous instantiation of a container. If your pod has multiple containers, specify which container's logs you want to access by appending a


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

debug/counter-pod-err.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter-err

Response:
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c,
            'i=0; while true; do echo "$i: $(date)"; echo "$i: err" >&2 ; i=$((i+1)); sleep 1; done']


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

debug/counter-pod-err.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter-err
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c,
            'i=0; while true; do echo "$i: $(date)"; echo "$i: err" >&2 ; i=$((i+1)); sleep 1; done']

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | To run this pod, use the following command:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter-err
spec:

Response:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c,
            'i=0; while true; do echo "$i: $(date)"; echo "$i: err" >&2 ; i=$((i+1)); sleep 1; done']


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter-err
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c,
            'i=0; while true; do echo "$i: $(date)"; echo "$i: err" >&2 ; i=$((i+1)); sleep 1; done']

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | To run this pod, use the following command:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/debug/counter-pod-err.yaml

Response: This bash code 8 - Logging Architecture | To fetch only the stderr log stream, you can run:

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | To fetch only the stderr log stream, you can run:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get --raw "/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/counter-err/log?stream=Stderr"

Response: This bash code 8 - Logging Architecture | See the kubectl logs documentation for more details.

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | See the kubectl logs documentation for more details.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

admin/logging/two-files-counter-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >

Response:
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | It is not recommended to write log entries with different formats to the same log stream, even if you managed to redirect both components to the stdout stream of the container. Instead, you can create


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

admin/logging/two-files-counter-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | It is not recommended to write log entries with different formats to the same log stream, even if you managed to redirect both components to the stdout stream of the container. Instead, you can create


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;

Response:
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | It is not recommended to write log entries with different formats to the same log stream, even if you managed to redirect both components to the stdout stream of the container. Instead, you can create


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

admin/logging/two-files-counter-pod-streaming-sidecar.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));

Response:
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-log-1
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c, 'tail -n+1 -F /var/log/1.log']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-log-2
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c, 'tail -n+1 -F /var/log/2.log']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | Now when you run this pod, you can access each log stream separately by running the following commands:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

admin/logging/two-files-counter-pod-streaming-sidecar.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-log-1
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c, 'tail -n+1 -F /var/log/1.log']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-log-2
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c, 'tail -n+1 -F /var/log/2.log']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | Now when you run this pod, you can access each log stream separately by running the following commands:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;

Response:
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-log-1
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c, 'tail -n+1 -F /var/log/1.log']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-log-2
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c, 'tail -n+1 -F /var/log/2.log']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-log-1
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c, 'tail -n+1 -F /var/log/1.log']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-log-2
    image: busybox:1.28
    args: [/bin/sh, -c, 'tail -n+1 -F /var/log/2.log']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | Now when you run this pod, you can access each log stream separately by running the following commands:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

0: Fri Apr  1 11:42:26 UTC 2022
1: Fri Apr  1 11:42:27 UTC 2022

Response:
2: Fri Apr  1 11:42:28 UTC 2022
...

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

0: Fri Apr  1 11:42:26 UTC 2022
1: Fri Apr  1 11:42:27 UTC 2022
2: Fri Apr  1 11:42:28 UTC 2022
...

Response: This text code 8 - Logging Architecture | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Fri Apr  1 11:42:29 UTC 2022 INFO 0
Fri Apr  1 11:42:30 UTC 2022 INFO 0

Response:
Fri Apr  1 11:42:31 UTC 2022 INFO 0
...

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | If you installed a node-level agent in your cluster, that agent picks up those log streams automatically without any further configuration. If you like, you can configure the agent to parse log lines


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Fri Apr  1 11:42:29 UTC 2022 INFO 0
Fri Apr  1 11:42:30 UTC 2022 INFO 0
Fri Apr  1 11:42:31 UTC 2022 INFO 0
...

Response: This text code 8 - Logging Architecture | If you installed a node-level agent in your cluster, that agent picks up those log streams automatically without any further configuration. If you like, you can configure the agent to parse log lines


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

admin/logging/fluentd-sidecar-config.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: fluentd-config
data:
  fluentd.conf: |
    <source>
      type tail
      format none
      path /var/log/1.log
      pos_file /var/log/1.log.pos
      tag count.format1

Response:
    </source>

    <source>
      type tail
      format none
      path /var/log/2.log
      pos_file /var/log/2.log.pos
      tag count.format2
    </source>

    <match **>
      type google_cloud
    </match>

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture | The second manifest describes a pod that has a sidecar container running fluentd. The pod mounts a volume where fluentd can pick up its configuration data.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

admin/logging/fluentd-sidecar-config.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: fluentd-config
data:
  fluentd.conf: |
    <source>
      type tail
      format none
      path /var/log/1.log
      pos_file /var/log/1.log.pos
      tag count.format1
    </source>

    <source>
      type tail
      format none
      path /var/log/2.log
      pos_file /var/log/2.log.pos
      tag count.format2
    </source>

    <match **>
      type google_cloud
    </match>

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | The second manifest describes a pod that has a sidecar container running fluentd. The pod mounts a volume where fluentd can pick up its configuration data.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: fluentd-config
data:
  fluentd.conf: |
    <source>
      type tail
      format none
      path /var/log/1.log
      pos_file /var/log/1.log.pos
      tag count.format1

Response:
    </source>

    <source>
      type tail
      format none
      path /var/log/2.log
      pos_file /var/log/2.log.pos
      tag count.format2
    </source>

    <match **>
      type google_cloud
    </match>


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: fluentd-config
data:
  fluentd.conf: |
    <source>
      type tail
      format none
      path /var/log/1.log
      pos_file /var/log/1.log.pos
      tag count.format1
    </source>

    <source>
      type tail
      format none
      path /var/log/2.log
      pos_file /var/log/2.log.pos
      tag count.format2
    </source>

    <match **>
      type google_cloud
    </match>

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture | The second manifest describes a pod that has a sidecar container running fluentd. The pod mounts a volume where fluentd can pick up its configuration data.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

admin/logging/two-files-counter-pod-agent-sidecar.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;

Response:
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-agent
    image: registry.k8s.io/fluentd-gcp:1.30
    env:
    - name: FLUENTD_ARGS
      value: -c /etc/fluentd-config/fluentd.conf
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
    - name: config-volume
      mountPath: /etc/fluentd-config
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}
  - name: config-volume
    configMap:
      name: fluentd-config

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture |


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

admin/logging/two-files-counter-pod-agent-sidecar.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-agent
    image: registry.k8s.io/fluentd-gcp:1.30
    env:
    - name: FLUENTD_ARGS
      value: -c /etc/fluentd-config/fluentd.conf
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
    - name: config-volume
      mountPath: /etc/fluentd-config
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}
  - name: config-volume
    configMap:
      name: fluentd-config

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture |

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture |


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;

Response:
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-agent
    image: registry.k8s.io/fluentd-gcp:1.30
    env:
    - name: FLUENTD_ARGS
      value: -c /etc/fluentd-config/fluentd.conf
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
    - name: config-volume
      mountPath: /etc/fluentd-config
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}
  - name: config-volume
    configMap:
      name: fluentd-config

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture |


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  containers:
  - name: count
    image: busybox:1.28
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - >
      i=0;
      while true;
      do
        echo "$i: $(date)" >> /var/log/1.log;
        echo "$(date) INFO $i" >> /var/log/2.log;
        i=$((i+1));
        sleep 1;
      done
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
  - name: count-agent
    image: registry.k8s.io/fluentd-gcp:1.30
    env:
    - name: FLUENTD_ARGS
      value: -c /etc/fluentd-config/fluentd.conf
    volumeMounts:
    - name: varlog
      mountPath: /var/log
    - name: config-volume
      mountPath: /etc/fluentd-config
  volumes:
  - name: varlog
    emptyDir: {}
  - name: config-volume
    configMap:
      name: fluentd-config

Response: This yaml code 8 - Logging Architecture |

Context: 8 - Logging Architecture |


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: prometheus

Response:
rules:
  - nonResourceURLs:
      - "/metrics"
    verbs:
      - get

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Alpha metric → Stable metric → Deprecated metric → Hidden metric → Deleted metric


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: prometheus
rules:
  - nonResourceURLs:
      - "/metrics"
    verbs:
      - get

Response: This yaml code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Alpha metric → Stable metric → Deprecated metric → Hidden metric → Deleted metric


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

"metric1,label2": "v1,v2,v3"
"metric2,label1": "v1,v2,v3"

Response: This text code 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Additionally, the cardinality_enforcement_unexpected_categorizations_total meta-metric records the count of unexpected categorizations during cardinality enforcement, that is, whenever a label value i

Context: 10 - Metrics For Kubernetes System Components | Additionally, the cardinality_enforcement_unexpected_categorizations_total meta-metric records the count of unexpected categorizations during cardinality enforcement, that is, whenever a label value i


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

groups:
- name: Pod state
  rules:
  - alert: PodsBlockedInTerminatingState
    expr: count(kube_pod_deletion_timestamp) by (namespace, pod) * count(kube_pod_status_reason{reason="NodeLost"} == 0) by (namespace, pod) > 0

Response:
    for: 5m
    labels:
      severity: page
    annotations:
      summary: Pod {{$labels.namespace}}/{{$labels.pod}} blocked in Terminating state.

Context: 11 - Metrics for Kubernetes Object States | System component logs record events happening in cluster, which can be very useful for debugging. You can configure log verbosity to see more or less detail. Logs can be as coarse-grained as showing e