Prompt:
Explain this text code:

pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce-policy: restricted:latest

Response: This text code Audit Annotations | Value must be privileged:<version>, baseline:<version>, restricted:<version> which correspond to Pod Security Standard levels accompanied by a version which must be latest or a valid Kubernetes versio

Context: Audit Annotations | Value must be privileged:<version>, baseline:<version>, restricted:<version> which correspond to Pod Security Standard levels accompanied by a version which must be latest or a valid Kubernetes versio


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

pod-security.kubernetes.io/audit-violations: would violate PodSecurity "restricted:latest": allowPrivilegeEscalation != false (container "example" must set securityContext.allowPrivilegeEscalation=false), ...

Response: This text code Audit Annotations | Value details an audit policy violation, it contains the Pod Security Standard level that was transgressed as well as the specific policies on the fields that were violated from the PodSecurity enforc

Context: Audit Annotations | Value details an audit policy violation, it contains the Pod Security Standard level that was transgressed as well as the specific policies on the fields that were violated from the PodSecurity enforc


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

apiserver.latency.k8s.io/decode-response-object: "450.6649ns"

Response: This text code Audit Annotations | This annotation records the time taken to decode the response received from the storage layer (etcd)

Context: Audit Annotations | This annotation records the time taken to decode the response received from the storage layer (etcd)


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

authorization.k8s.io/reason: "Human-readable reason for the decision"

Response: This text code Audit Annotations | This annotation gives reason for the decision in Kubernetes audit logs.

Context: Audit Annotations | This annotation gives reason for the decision in Kubernetes audit logs.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

missing-san.invalid-cert.kubernetes.io/example-svc.example-namespace.svc: "relies on a legacy Common Name field instead of the SAN extension for subject validation"

Response: This text code Audit Annotations | Used by Kubernetes version v1.24 and later

Context: Audit Annotations | Used by Kubernetes version v1.24 and later


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

insecure-sha1.invalid-cert.kubernetes.io/example-svc.example-namespace.svc: "uses an insecure SHA-1 signature"

Response: This text code Audit Annotations | Used by Kubernetes version v1.24 and later


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

validation.policy.admission.k8s.io/validation_failure: '[{"message": "Invalid value", {"policy": "policy.example.com", {"binding": "policybinding.example.com", {"expressionIndex": "1", {"validationActions": ["Audit"]}]'

Response: This text code Audit Annotations | Used by Kubernetes version v1.27 and later.

Context: Audit Annotations | Used by Kubernetes version v1.27 and later.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESSMODES   RECLAIMPOLICY   STATUS    CLAIM             STORAGECLASS     REASON    AGE
pvc-b6efd8da-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim1    manual                     10s

Response:
pvc-b95650f8-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim2    manual                     6s
pvc-bb3ca71d-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim3    manual                     3s

Context: Change the Reclaim Policy of a PersistentVolume | This list also includes the name of the claims that are bound to each volume for easier identification of dynamically provisioned volumes.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESSMODES   RECLAIMPOLICY   STATUS    CLAIM             STORAGECLASS     REASON    AGE
pvc-b6efd8da-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim1    manual                     10s
pvc-b95650f8-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim2    manual                     6s
pvc-bb3ca71d-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim3    manual                     3s

Response: This text code Change the Reclaim Policy of a PersistentVolume | This list also includes the name of the claims that are bound to each volume for easier identification of dynamically provisioned volumes.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl patch pv <your-pv-name> -p '{"spec":{"persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy":"Retain"}}'

Response: This bash code Change the Reclaim Policy of a PersistentVolume | where <your-pv-name> is the name of your chosen PersistentVolume.

Context: Change the Reclaim Policy of a PersistentVolume | where <your-pv-name> is the name of your chosen PersistentVolume.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl patch pv <your-pv-name> -p "{\"spec\":{\"persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy\":\"Retain\"}}"

Response: This bash code Change the Reclaim Policy of a PersistentVolume | Verify that your chosen PersistentVolume has the right policy:

Context: Change the Reclaim Policy of a PersistentVolume | Verify that your chosen PersistentVolume has the right policy:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESSMODES   RECLAIMPOLICY   STATUS    CLAIM             STORAGECLASS     REASON    AGE
pvc-b6efd8da-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim1    manual                     40s

Response:
pvc-b95650f8-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim2    manual                     36s
pvc-bb3ca71d-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Retain          Bound     default/claim3    manual                     33s

Context: Change the Reclaim Policy of a PersistentVolume | In the preceding output, you can see that the volume bound to claim default/claim3 has reclaim policy Retain. It will not be automatically deleted when a user deletes claim default/claim3.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESSMODES   RECLAIMPOLICY   STATUS    CLAIM             STORAGECLASS     REASON    AGE
pvc-b6efd8da-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim1    manual                     40s
pvc-b95650f8-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim2    manual                     36s
pvc-bb3ca71d-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Retain          Bound     default/claim3    manual                     33s

Response: This text code Change the Reclaim Policy of a PersistentVolume | In the preceding output, you can see that the volume bound to claim default/claim3 has reclaim policy Retain. It will not be automatically deleted when a user deletes claim default/claim3.


Prompt:
Complete this none code:

NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESSMODES   RECLAIMPOLICY   STATUS    CLAIM             STORAGECLASS     REASON    AGE
pvc-b6efd8da-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim1    manual                     10s

Response:
pvc-b95650f8-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim2    manual                     6s
pvc-bb3ca71d-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim3    manual                     3s


Prompt:
Explain this none code:

NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESSMODES   RECLAIMPOLICY   STATUS    CLAIM             STORAGECLASS     REASON    AGE
pvc-b6efd8da-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim1    manual                     10s
pvc-b95650f8-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim2    manual                     6s
pvc-bb3ca71d-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim3    manual                     3s

Response: This none code Change the Reclaim Policy of a PersistentVolume | This list also includes the name of the claims that are bound to each volume for easier identification of dynamically provisioned volumes.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl patch pv <your-pv-name> -p '{"spec":{"persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy":"Retain"}}'

Response: This shell code Change the Reclaim Policy of a PersistentVolume | where <your-pv-name> is the name of your chosen PersistentVolume.


Prompt:
Explain this cmd code:

kubectl patch pv <your-pv-name> -p "{\"spec\":{\"persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy\":\"Retain\"}}"

Response: This cmd code Change the Reclaim Policy of a PersistentVolume | Verify that your chosen PersistentVolume has the right policy:


Prompt:
Complete this none code:

NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESSMODES   RECLAIMPOLICY   STATUS    CLAIM             STORAGECLASS     REASON    AGE
pvc-b6efd8da-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim1    manual                     40s

Response:
pvc-b95650f8-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim2    manual                     36s
pvc-bb3ca71d-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Retain          Bound     default/claim3    manual                     33s


Prompt:
Explain this none code:

NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESSMODES   RECLAIMPOLICY   STATUS    CLAIM             STORAGECLASS     REASON    AGE
pvc-b6efd8da-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim1    manual                     40s
pvc-b95650f8-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/claim2    manual                     36s
pvc-bb3ca71d-b7b5-11e6-9d58-0ed433a7dd94   4Gi        RWO           Retain          Bound     default/claim3    manual                     33s

Response: This none code Change the Reclaim Policy of a PersistentVolume | In the preceding output, you can see that the volume bound to claim default/claim3 has reclaim policy Retain. It will not be automatically deleted when a user deletes claim default/claim3.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl patch pv <your-pv-name> -p '{"spec":{"persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy":"Retain"}}'

Response: This bash code Change the Reclaim Policy of a PersistentVolume | where <your-pv-name> is the name of your chosen PersistentVolume.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl patch pv <your-pv-name> -p "{\"spec\":{\"persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy\":\"Retain\"}}"

Response: This bash code Change the Reclaim Policy of a PersistentVolume | Verify that your chosen PersistentVolume has the right policy:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: userns
spec:

Response:
  hostUsers: false
  containers:
  - name: shell
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    image: debian

Context: Use a User Namespace With a Pod | Create the pod on your cluster:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: userns
spec:
  hostUsers: false
  containers:
  - name: shell
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    image: debian

Response: This yaml code Use a User Namespace With a Pod | Create the pod on your cluster:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/pods/user-namespaces-stateless.yaml

Response: This bash code Use a User Namespace With a Pod | Exec into the pod and run readlink /proc/self/ns/user:

Context: Use a User Namespace With a Pod | Exec into the pod and run readlink /proc/self/ns/user:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: userns
spec:

Response:
  hostUsers: false
  containers:
  - name: shell
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    image: debian


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: userns
spec:
  hostUsers: false
  containers:
  - name: shell
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    image: debian

Response: This yaml code Use a User Namespace With a Pod | Create the pod on your cluster:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/pods/user-namespaces-stateless.yaml

Response: This shell code Use a User Namespace With a Pod | Exec into the pod and run readlink /proc/self/ns/user:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

pods/user-namespaces-stateless.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: userns

Response:
spec:
  hostUsers: false
  containers:
  - name: shell
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    image: debian


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

pods/user-namespaces-stateless.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: userns
spec:
  hostUsers: false
  containers:
  - name: shell
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    image: debian

Response: This yaml code Use a User Namespace With a Pod | Create the pod on your cluster:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: userns
spec:

Response:
  hostUsers: false
  containers:
  - name: shell
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    image: debian


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: userns
spec:
  hostUsers: false
  containers:
  - name: shell
    command: ["sleep", "infinity"]
    image: debian

Response: This yaml code Use a User Namespace With a Pod | Create the pod on your cluster:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/pods/user-namespaces-stateless.yaml

Response: This bash code Use a User Namespace With a Pod | Exec into the pod and run readlink /proc/self/ns/user:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

preflight                     Run pre-flight checks
certs                         Certificate generation
  /ca                           Generate the self-signed Kubernetes CA to provision identities for other Kubernetes components
  /apiserver                    Generate the certificate for serving the Kubernetes API
  /apiserver-kubelet-client     Generate the certificate for the API server to connect to kubelet
  /front-proxy-ca               Generate the self-signed CA to provision identities for front proxy
  /front-proxy-client           Generate the certificate for the front proxy client
  /etcd-ca                      Generate the self-signed CA to provision identities for etcd
  /etcd-server                  Generate the certificate for serving etcd
  /etcd-peer                    Generate the certificate for etcd nodes to communicate with each other
  /etcd-healthcheck-client      Generate the certificate for liveness probes to healthcheck etcd
  /apiserver-etcd-client        Generate the certificate the apiserver uses to access etcd
  /sa                           Generate a private key for signing service account tokens along with its public key
kubeconfig                    Generate all kubeconfig files necessary to establish the control plane and the admin kubeconfig file
  /admin                        Generate a kubeconfig file for the admin to use and for kubeadm itself
  /super-admin                  Generate a kubeconfig file for the super-admin
  /kubelet                      Generate a kubeconfig file for the kubelet to use *only* for cluster bootstrapping purposes
  /controller-manager           Generate a kubeconfig file for the controller manager to use
  /scheduler                    Generate a kubeconfig file for the scheduler to use

Response:
etcd                          Generate static Pod manifest file for local etcd
  /local                        Generate the static Pod manifest file for a local, single-node local etcd instance
control-plane                 Generate all static Pod manifest files necessary to establish the control plane
  /apiserver                    Generates the kube-apiserver static Pod manifest
  /controller-manager           Generates the kube-controller-manager static Pod manifest
  /scheduler                    Generates the kube-scheduler static Pod manifest
kubelet-start                 Write kubelet settings and (re)start the kubelet
wait-control-plane            Wait for the control plane to start
upload-config                 Upload the kubeadm and kubelet configuration to a ConfigMap
  /kubeadm                      Upload the kubeadm ClusterConfiguration to a ConfigMap
  /kubelet                      Upload the kubelet component config to a ConfigMap
upload-certs                  Upload certificates to kubeadm-certs
mark-control-plane            Mark a node as a control-plane
bootstrap-token               Generates bootstrap tokens used to join a node to a cluster
kubelet-finalize              Updates settings relevant to the kubelet after TLS bootstrap
  /enable-client-cert-rotation  Enable kubelet client certificate rotation
addon                         Install required addons for passing conformance tests
  /coredns                      Install the CoreDNS addon to a Kubernetes cluster
  /kube-proxy                   Install the kube-proxy addon to a Kubernetes cluster
show-join-command             Show the join command for control-plane and worker node

Context: kubeadm init | The IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

preflight                     Run pre-flight checks
certs                         Certificate generation
  /ca                           Generate the self-signed Kubernetes CA to provision identities for other Kubernetes components
  /apiserver                    Generate the certificate for serving the Kubernetes API
  /apiserver-kubelet-client     Generate the certificate for the API server to connect to kubelet
  /front-proxy-ca               Generate the self-signed CA to provision identities for front proxy
  /front-proxy-client           Generate the certificate for the front proxy client
  /etcd-ca                      Generate the self-signed CA to provision identities for etcd
  /etcd-server                  Generate the certificate for serving etcd
  /etcd-peer                    Generate the certificate for etcd nodes to communicate with each other
  /etcd-healthcheck-client      Generate the certificate for liveness probes to healthcheck etcd
  /apiserver-etcd-client        Generate the certificate the apiserver uses to access etcd
  /sa                           Generate a private key for signing service account tokens along with its public key
kubeconfig                    Generate all kubeconfig files necessary to establish the control plane and the admin kubeconfig file
  /admin                        Generate a kubeconfig file for the admin to use and for kubeadm itself
  /super-admin                  Generate a kubeconfig file for the super-admin
  /kubelet                      Generate a kubeconfig file for the kubelet to use *only* for cluster bootstrapping purposes
  /controller-manager           Generate a kubeconfig file for the controller manager to use
  /scheduler                    Generate a kubeconfig file for the scheduler to use
etcd                          Generate static Pod manifest file for local etcd
  /local                        Generate the static Pod manifest file for a local, single-node local etcd instance
control-plane                 Generate all static Pod manifest files necessary to establish the control plane
  /apiserver                    Generates the kube-apiserver static Pod manifest
  /controller-manager           Generates the kube-controller-manager static Pod manifest
  /scheduler                    Generates the kube-scheduler static Pod manifest
kubelet-start                 Write kubelet settings and (re)start the kubelet
wait-control-plane            Wait for the control plane to start
upload-config                 Upload the kubeadm and kubelet configuration to a ConfigMap
  /kubeadm                      Upload the kubeadm ClusterConfiguration to a ConfigMap
  /kubelet                      Upload the kubelet component config to a ConfigMap
upload-certs                  Upload certificates to kubeadm-certs
mark-control-plane            Mark a node as a control-plane
bootstrap-token               Generates bootstrap tokens used to join a node to a cluster
kubelet-finalize              Updates settings relevant to the kubelet after TLS bootstrap
  /enable-client-cert-rotation  Enable kubelet client certificate rotation
addon                         Install required addons for passing conformance tests
  /coredns                      Install the CoreDNS addon to a Kubernetes cluster
  /kube-proxy                   Install the kube-proxy addon to a Kubernetes cluster
show-join-command             Show the join command for control-plane and worker node

Response: This text code kubeadm init | The IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

sudo kubeadm init phase control-plane controller-manager --help

Response: This text code kubeadm init | You can also use --help to see the list of sub-phases for a certain parent phase:

Context: kubeadm init | You can also use --help to see the list of sub-phases for a certain parent phase:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

sudo kubeadm init phase control-plane all --config=configfile.yaml
sudo kubeadm init phase etcd local --config=configfile.yaml

Response:
# you can now modify the control plane and etcd manifest files
sudo kubeadm init --skip-phases=control-plane,etcd --config=configfile.yaml

Context: kubeadm init | What this example would do is write the manifest files for the control plane and etcd in /etc/kubernetes/manifests based on the configuration in configfile.yaml. This allows you to modify the files an


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

sudo kubeadm init phase control-plane all --config=configfile.yaml
sudo kubeadm init phase etcd local --config=configfile.yaml
# you can now modify the control plane and etcd manifest files
sudo kubeadm init --skip-phases=control-plane,etcd --config=configfile.yaml

Response: This text code kubeadm init | What this example would do is write the manifest files for the control plane and etcd in /etc/kubernetes/manifests based on the configuration in configfile.yaml. This allows you to modify the files an


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

kubeadm config images list
kubeadm config images pull

Response: This text code kubeadm init | You can pass --config to the above commands with a kubeadm configuration file to control the kubernetesVersion and imageRepository fields.

Context: kubeadm init | You can pass --config to the above commands with a kubeadm configuration file to control the kubernetesVersion and imageRepository fields.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

kubeadm init phase upload-certs --upload-certs --config=SOME_YAML_FILE

Response: This text code kubeadm init | If a predefined certificate key is not passed to kubeadm init and kubeadm init phase upload-certs a new key will be generated automatically.

Context: kubeadm init | If a predefined certificate key is not passed to kubeadm init and kubeadm init phase upload-certs a new key will be generated automatically.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

preflight                     Run pre-flight checks
certs                         Certificate generation
  /ca                           Generate the self-signed Kubernetes CA to provision identities for other Kubernetes components
  /apiserver                    Generate the certificate for serving the Kubernetes API
  /apiserver-kubelet-client     Generate the certificate for the API server to connect to kubelet
  /front-proxy-ca               Generate the self-signed CA to provision identities for front proxy
  /front-proxy-client           Generate the certificate for the front proxy client
  /etcd-ca                      Generate the self-signed CA to provision identities for etcd
  /etcd-server                  Generate the certificate for serving etcd
  /etcd-peer                    Generate the certificate for etcd nodes to communicate with each other
  /etcd-healthcheck-client      Generate the certificate for liveness probes to healthcheck etcd
  /apiserver-etcd-client        Generate the certificate the apiserver uses to access etcd
  /sa                           Generate a private key for signing service account tokens along with its public key
kubeconfig                    Generate all kubeconfig files necessary to establish the control plane and the admin kubeconfig file
  /admin                        Generate a kubeconfig file for the admin to use and for kubeadm itself
  /super-admin                  Generate a kubeconfig file for the super-admin
  /kubelet                      Generate a kubeconfig file for the kubelet to use *only* for cluster bootstrapping purposes
  /controller-manager           Generate a kubeconfig file for the controller manager to use
  /scheduler                    Generate a kubeconfig file for the scheduler to use

Response:
etcd                          Generate static Pod manifest file for local etcd
  /local                        Generate the static Pod manifest file for a local, single-node local etcd instance
control-plane                 Generate all static Pod manifest files necessary to establish the control plane
  /apiserver                    Generates the kube-apiserver static Pod manifest
  /controller-manager           Generates the kube-controller-manager static Pod manifest
  /scheduler                    Generates the kube-scheduler static Pod manifest
kubelet-start                 Write kubelet settings and (re)start the kubelet
wait-control-plane            Wait for the control plane to start
upload-config                 Upload the kubeadm and kubelet configuration to a ConfigMap
  /kubeadm                      Upload the kubeadm ClusterConfiguration to a ConfigMap
  /kubelet                      Upload the kubelet component config to a ConfigMap
upload-certs                  Upload certificates to kubeadm-certs
mark-control-plane            Mark a node as a control-plane
bootstrap-token               Generates bootstrap tokens used to join a node to a cluster
kubelet-finalize              Updates settings relevant to the kubelet after TLS bootstrap
  /enable-client-cert-rotation  Enable kubelet client certificate rotation
addon                         Install required addons for passing conformance tests
  /coredns                      Install the CoreDNS addon to a Kubernetes cluster
  /kube-proxy                   Install the kube-proxy addon to a Kubernetes cluster
show-join-command             Show the join command for control-plane and worker node


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

preflight                     Run pre-flight checks
certs                         Certificate generation
  /ca                           Generate the self-signed Kubernetes CA to provision identities for other Kubernetes components
  /apiserver                    Generate the certificate for serving the Kubernetes API
  /apiserver-kubelet-client     Generate the certificate for the API server to connect to kubelet
  /front-proxy-ca               Generate the self-signed CA to provision identities for front proxy
  /front-proxy-client           Generate the certificate for the front proxy client
  /etcd-ca                      Generate the self-signed CA to provision identities for etcd
  /etcd-server                  Generate the certificate for serving etcd
  /etcd-peer                    Generate the certificate for etcd nodes to communicate with each other
  /etcd-healthcheck-client      Generate the certificate for liveness probes to healthcheck etcd
  /apiserver-etcd-client        Generate the certificate the apiserver uses to access etcd
  /sa                           Generate a private key for signing service account tokens along with its public key
kubeconfig                    Generate all kubeconfig files necessary to establish the control plane and the admin kubeconfig file
  /admin                        Generate a kubeconfig file for the admin to use and for kubeadm itself
  /super-admin                  Generate a kubeconfig file for the super-admin
  /kubelet                      Generate a kubeconfig file for the kubelet to use *only* for cluster bootstrapping purposes
  /controller-manager           Generate a kubeconfig file for the controller manager to use
  /scheduler                    Generate a kubeconfig file for the scheduler to use
etcd                          Generate static Pod manifest file for local etcd
  /local                        Generate the static Pod manifest file for a local, single-node local etcd instance
control-plane                 Generate all static Pod manifest files necessary to establish the control plane
  /apiserver                    Generates the kube-apiserver static Pod manifest
  /controller-manager           Generates the kube-controller-manager static Pod manifest
  /scheduler                    Generates the kube-scheduler static Pod manifest
kubelet-start                 Write kubelet settings and (re)start the kubelet
wait-control-plane            Wait for the control plane to start
upload-config                 Upload the kubeadm and kubelet configuration to a ConfigMap
  /kubeadm                      Upload the kubeadm ClusterConfiguration to a ConfigMap
  /kubelet                      Upload the kubelet component config to a ConfigMap
upload-certs                  Upload certificates to kubeadm-certs
mark-control-plane            Mark a node as a control-plane
bootstrap-token               Generates bootstrap tokens used to join a node to a cluster
kubelet-finalize              Updates settings relevant to the kubelet after TLS bootstrap
  /enable-client-cert-rotation  Enable kubelet client certificate rotation
addon                         Install required addons for passing conformance tests
  /coredns                      Install the CoreDNS addon to a Kubernetes cluster
  /kube-proxy                   Install the kube-proxy addon to a Kubernetes cluster
show-join-command             Show the join command for control-plane and worker node

Response: This text code kubeadm init | The IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

sudo kubeadm init phase control-plane controller-manager --help

Response: This shell code kubeadm init | You can also use --help to see the list of sub-phases for a certain parent phase:


Prompt:
Complete this shell code:

sudo kubeadm init phase control-plane all --config=configfile.yaml
sudo kubeadm init phase etcd local --config=configfile.yaml

Response:
# you can now modify the control plane and etcd manifest files
sudo kubeadm init --skip-phases=control-plane,etcd --config=configfile.yaml


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

sudo kubeadm init phase control-plane all --config=configfile.yaml
sudo kubeadm init phase etcd local --config=configfile.yaml
# you can now modify the control plane and etcd manifest files
sudo kubeadm init --skip-phases=control-plane,etcd --config=configfile.yaml

Response: This shell code kubeadm init | What this example would do is write the manifest files for the control plane and etcd in /etc/kubernetes/manifests based on the configuration in configfile.yaml. This allows you to modify the files an


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubeadm config images list
kubeadm config images pull

Response: This shell code kubeadm init | You can pass --config to the above commands with a kubeadm configuration file to control the kubernetesVersion and imageRepository fields.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubeadm init phase upload-certs --upload-certs --config=SOME_YAML_FILE

Response: This shell code kubeadm init | If a predefined certificate key is not passed to kubeadm init and kubeadm init phase upload-certs a new key will be generated automatically.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

sudo kubeadm init phase control-plane controller-manager --help

Response: This text code kubeadm init | You can also use --help to see the list of sub-phases for a certain parent phase:


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

sudo kubeadm init phase control-plane all --config=configfile.yaml
sudo kubeadm init phase etcd local --config=configfile.yaml

Response:
# you can now modify the control plane and etcd manifest files
sudo kubeadm init --skip-phases=control-plane,etcd --config=configfile.yaml


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

sudo kubeadm init phase control-plane all --config=configfile.yaml
sudo kubeadm init phase etcd local --config=configfile.yaml
# you can now modify the control plane and etcd manifest files
sudo kubeadm init --skip-phases=control-plane,etcd --config=configfile.yaml

Response: This text code kubeadm init | What this example would do is write the manifest files for the control plane and etcd in /etc/kubernetes/manifests based on the configuration in configfile.yaml. This allows you to modify the files an


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

kubeadm config images list
kubeadm config images pull

Response: This text code kubeadm init | You can pass --config to the above commands with a kubeadm configuration file to control the kubernetesVersion and imageRepository fields.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

kubeadm init phase upload-certs --upload-certs --config=SOME_YAML_FILE

Response: This text code kubeadm init | If a predefined certificate key is not passed to kubeadm init and kubeadm init phase upload-certs a new key will be generated automatically.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
apiServer:

Response:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "enable-admission-plugins"
    value: "AlwaysPullImages,DefaultStorageClass"
  - name: "audit-log-path"
    value: "/home/johndoe/audit.log"

Context: Customizing components with the kubeadm API | For details, see the reference documentation for kube-controller-manager.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
apiServer:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "enable-admission-plugins"
    value: "AlwaysPullImages,DefaultStorageClass"
  - name: "audit-log-path"
    value: "/home/johndoe/audit.log"

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | For details, see the reference documentation for kube-controller-manager.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
controllerManager:

Response:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "cluster-signing-key-file"
    value: "/home/johndoe/keys/ca.key"
  - name: "deployment-controller-sync-period"
    value: "50"

Context: Customizing components with the kubeadm API | For details, see the reference documentation for kube-scheduler.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
controllerManager:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "cluster-signing-key-file"
    value: "/home/johndoe/keys/ca.key"
  - name: "deployment-controller-sync-period"
    value: "50"

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | For details, see the reference documentation for kube-scheduler.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
scheduler:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "config"

Response:
    value: "/etc/kubernetes/scheduler-config.yaml"
  extraVolumes:
    - name: schedulerconfig
      hostPath: /home/johndoe/schedconfig.yaml
      mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/scheduler-config.yaml
      readOnly: true
      pathType: "File"

Context: Customizing components with the kubeadm API | For details, see the etcd server documentation.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
scheduler:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "config"
    value: "/etc/kubernetes/scheduler-config.yaml"
  extraVolumes:
    - name: schedulerconfig
      hostPath: /home/johndoe/schedconfig.yaml
      mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/scheduler-config.yaml
      readOnly: true
      pathType: "File"

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | For details, see the etcd server documentation.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
etcd:

Response:
  local:
    extraArgs:
    - name: "election-timeout"
      value: 1000

Context: Customizing components with the kubeadm API | Kubeadm allows you to pass a directory with patch files to InitConfiguration and JoinConfiguration on individual nodes. These patches can be used as the last customization step before component config


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
etcd:
  local:
    extraArgs:
    - name: "election-timeout"
      value: 1000

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | Kubeadm allows you to pass a directory with patch files to InitConfiguration and JoinConfiguration on individual nodes. These patches can be used as the last customization step before component config


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: InitConfiguration

Response:
patches:
  directory: /home/user/somedir

Context: Customizing components with the kubeadm API | You can pass this file to kubeadm join with --config <YOUR CONFIG YAML>:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: InitConfiguration
patches:
  directory: /home/user/somedir

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | You can pass this file to kubeadm join with --config <YOUR CONFIG YAML>:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: JoinConfiguration

Response:
patches:
  directory: /home/user/somedir

Context: Customizing components with the kubeadm API | The directory must contain files named target[suffix][+patchtype].extension. For example, kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml or just etcd.json.


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: JoinConfiguration
patches:
  directory: /home/user/somedir

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | The directory must contain files named target[suffix][+patchtype].extension. For example, kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml or just etcd.json.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
apiServer:

Response:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "enable-admission-plugins"
    value: "AlwaysPullImages,DefaultStorageClass"
  - name: "audit-log-path"
    value: "/home/johndoe/audit.log"


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
apiServer:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "enable-admission-plugins"
    value: "AlwaysPullImages,DefaultStorageClass"
  - name: "audit-log-path"
    value: "/home/johndoe/audit.log"

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | For details, see the reference documentation for kube-controller-manager.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
controllerManager:

Response:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "cluster-signing-key-file"
    value: "/home/johndoe/keys/ca.key"
  - name: "deployment-controller-sync-period"
    value: "50"


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
controllerManager:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "cluster-signing-key-file"
    value: "/home/johndoe/keys/ca.key"
  - name: "deployment-controller-sync-period"
    value: "50"

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | For details, see the reference documentation for kube-scheduler.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
scheduler:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "config"

Response:
    value: "/etc/kubernetes/scheduler-config.yaml"
  extraVolumes:
    - name: schedulerconfig
      hostPath: /home/johndoe/schedconfig.yaml
      mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/scheduler-config.yaml
      readOnly: true
      pathType: "File"


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
scheduler:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "config"
    value: "/etc/kubernetes/scheduler-config.yaml"
  extraVolumes:
    - name: schedulerconfig
      hostPath: /home/johndoe/schedconfig.yaml
      mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/scheduler-config.yaml
      readOnly: true
      pathType: "File"

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | For details, see the etcd server documentation.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
etcd:

Response:
  local:
    extraArgs:
    - name: "election-timeout"
      value: 1000


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
etcd:
  local:
    extraArgs:
    - name: "election-timeout"
      value: 1000

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | Kubeadm allows you to pass a directory with patch files to InitConfiguration and JoinConfiguration on individual nodes. These patches can be used as the last customization step before component config


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: InitConfiguration

Response:
patches:
  directory: /home/user/somedir


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: InitConfiguration
patches:
  directory: /home/user/somedir

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | You can pass this file to kubeadm join with --config <YOUR CONFIG YAML>:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: JoinConfiguration

Response:
patches:
  directory: /home/user/somedir


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: JoinConfiguration
patches:
  directory: /home/user/somedir

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | The directory must contain files named target[suffix][+patchtype].extension. For example, kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml or just etcd.json.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
apiServer:

Response:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "enable-admission-plugins"
    value: "AlwaysPullImages,DefaultStorageClass"
  - name: "audit-log-path"
    value: "/home/johndoe/audit.log"


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
apiServer:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "enable-admission-plugins"
    value: "AlwaysPullImages,DefaultStorageClass"
  - name: "audit-log-path"
    value: "/home/johndoe/audit.log"

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | For details, see the reference documentation for kube-controller-manager.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
controllerManager:

Response:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "cluster-signing-key-file"
    value: "/home/johndoe/keys/ca.key"
  - name: "deployment-controller-sync-period"
    value: "50"


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
controllerManager:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "cluster-signing-key-file"
    value: "/home/johndoe/keys/ca.key"
  - name: "deployment-controller-sync-period"
    value: "50"

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | For details, see the reference documentation for kube-scheduler.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
scheduler:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "config"

Response:
    value: "/etc/kubernetes/scheduler-config.yaml"
  extraVolumes:
    - name: schedulerconfig
      hostPath: /home/johndoe/schedconfig.yaml
      mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/scheduler-config.yaml
      readOnly: true
      pathType: "File"


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.0
scheduler:
  extraArgs:
  - name: "config"
    value: "/etc/kubernetes/scheduler-config.yaml"
  extraVolumes:
    - name: schedulerconfig
      hostPath: /home/johndoe/schedconfig.yaml
      mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/scheduler-config.yaml
      readOnly: true
      pathType: "File"

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | For details, see the etcd server documentation.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
etcd:

Response:
  local:
    extraArgs:
    - name: "election-timeout"
      value: 1000


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: ClusterConfiguration
etcd:
  local:
    extraArgs:
    - name: "election-timeout"
      value: 1000

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | Kubeadm allows you to pass a directory with patch files to InitConfiguration and JoinConfiguration on individual nodes. These patches can be used as the last customization step before component config


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: InitConfiguration

Response:
patches:
  directory: /home/user/somedir


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: InitConfiguration
patches:
  directory: /home/user/somedir

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | You can pass this file to kubeadm join with --config <YOUR CONFIG YAML>:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: JoinConfiguration

Response:
patches:
  directory: /home/user/somedir


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta4
kind: JoinConfiguration
patches:
  directory: /home/user/somedir

Response: This yaml code Customizing components with the kubeadm API | The directory must contain files named target[suffix][+patchtype].extension. For example, kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml or just etcd.json.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

# Print the supported API resources
  kubectl api-resources

  # Print the supported API resources with more information
  kubectl api-resources -o wide

  # Print the supported API resources sorted by a column
  kubectl api-resources --sort-by=name

Response:
  # Print the supported namespaced resources
  kubectl api-resources --namespaced=true

  # Print the supported non-namespaced resources
  kubectl api-resources --namespaced=false

  # Print the supported API resources with a specific APIGroup
  kubectl api-resources --api-group=rbac.authorization.k8s.io

Context: kubectl api-resources | Limit to resources in the specified API group.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Print the supported API resources
  kubectl api-resources

  # Print the supported API resources with more information
  kubectl api-resources -o wide

  # Print the supported API resources sorted by a column
  kubectl api-resources --sort-by=name

  # Print the supported namespaced resources
  kubectl api-resources --namespaced=true

  # Print the supported non-namespaced resources
  kubectl api-resources --namespaced=false

  # Print the supported API resources with a specific APIGroup
  kubectl api-resources --api-group=rbac.authorization.k8s.io

Response: This text code kubectl api-resources | Limit to resources in the specified API group.


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

# Print the supported API resources
  kubectl api-resources

  # Print the supported API resources with more information
  kubectl api-resources -o wide

  # Print the supported API resources sorted by a column
  kubectl api-resources --sort-by=name

Response:
  # Print the supported namespaced resources
  kubectl api-resources --namespaced=true

  # Print the supported non-namespaced resources
  kubectl api-resources --namespaced=false

  # Print the supported API resources with a specific APIGroup
  kubectl api-resources --api-group=rbac.authorization.k8s.io


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Print the supported API resources
  kubectl api-resources

  # Print the supported API resources with more information
  kubectl api-resources -o wide

  # Print the supported API resources sorted by a column
  kubectl api-resources --sort-by=name

  # Print the supported namespaced resources
  kubectl api-resources --namespaced=true

  # Print the supported non-namespaced resources
  kubectl api-resources --namespaced=false

  # Print the supported API resources with a specific APIGroup
  kubectl api-resources --api-group=rbac.authorization.k8s.io

Response: This text code kubectl api-resources | Limit to resources in the specified API group.


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      run: php-apache
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        run: php-apache
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: php-apache
        image: registry.k8s.io/hpa-example
        ports:

Response:
        - containerPort: 80
        resources:
          limits:
            cpu: 500m
          requests:
            cpu: 200m
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: php-apache
  labels:
    run: php-apache
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
  selector:
    run: php-apache

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | To do so, run the following command:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      run: php-apache
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        run: php-apache
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: php-apache
        image: registry.k8s.io/hpa-example
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
        resources:
          limits:
            cpu: 500m
          requests:
            cpu: 200m
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: php-apache
  labels:
    run: php-apache
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
  selector:
    run: php-apache

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | To do so, run the following command:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/application/php-apache.yaml

Response: This bash code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Now that the server is running, create the autoscaler using kubectl. The kubectl autoscale subcommand, part of kubectl, helps you do this.

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Now that the server is running, create the autoscaler using kubectl. The kubectl autoscale subcommand, part of kubectl, helps you do this.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

deployment.apps/php-apache created
service/php-apache created

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Now that the server is running, create the autoscaler using kubectl. The kubectl autoscale subcommand, part of kubectl, helps you do this.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl autoscale deployment php-apache --cpu=50% --min=1 --max=10

Response: This bash code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | You can check the current status of the newly-made HorizontalPodAutoscaler, by running:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | You can check the current status of the newly-made HorizontalPodAutoscaler, by running:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/php-apache autoscaled

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | You can check the current status of the newly-made HorizontalPodAutoscaler, by running:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# You can use "hpa" or "horizontalpodautoscaler"; either name works OK.
kubectl get hpa

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | The output is similar to:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME         REFERENCE                     TARGET    MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
php-apache   Deployment/php-apache/scale   0% / 50%  1         10        1          18s

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | (if you see other HorizontalPodAutoscalers with different names, that means they already existed, and isn't usually a problem).

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | (if you see other HorizontalPodAutoscalers with different names, that means they already existed, and isn't usually a problem).


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Run this in a separate terminal
# so that the load generation continues and you can carry on with the rest of the steps
kubectl run -i --tty load-generator --rm --image=busybox:1.28 --restart=Never -- /bin/sh -c "while sleep 0.01; do wget -q -O- http://php-apache; done"

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Now run:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Now run:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# type Ctrl+C to end the watch when you're ready
kubectl get hpa php-apache --watch

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Within a minute or so, you should see the higher CPU load; for example:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Within a minute or so, you should see the higher CPU load; for example:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME         REFERENCE                     TARGET      MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
php-apache   Deployment/php-apache/scale   305% / 50%  1         10        1          3m

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | and then, more replicas. For example:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | and then, more replicas. For example:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME         REFERENCE                     TARGET      MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
php-apache   Deployment/php-apache/scale   305% / 50%  1         10        7          3m

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Here, CPU consumption has increased to 305% of the request. As a result, the Deployment was resized to 7 replicas:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Here, CPU consumption has increased to 305% of the request. As a result, the Deployment was resized to 7 replicas:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME         READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
php-apache   7/7      7           7           19m

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | To finish the example, stop sending the load.

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | To finish the example, stop sending the load.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# type Ctrl+C to end the watch when you're ready
kubectl get hpa php-apache --watch

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME         REFERENCE                     TARGET       MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
php-apache   Deployment/php-apache/scale   0% / 50%     1         10        1          11m

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | and the Deployment also shows that it has scaled down:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | and the Deployment also shows that it has scaled down:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME         READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
php-apache   1/1     1            1           27m

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Once CPU utilization dropped to 0, the HPA automatically scaled the number of replicas back down to 1.

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Once CPU utilization dropped to 0, the HPA automatically scaled the number of replicas back down to 1.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get hpa php-apache -o yaml > /tmp/hpa-v2.yaml

Response: This bash code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Open the /tmp/hpa-v2.yaml file in an editor, and you should see YAML which looks like this:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Open the /tmp/hpa-v2.yaml file in an editor, and you should see YAML which looks like this:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: php-apache
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu

Response:
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 50
status:
  observedGeneration: 1
  lastScaleTime: <some-time>
  currentReplicas: 1
  desiredReplicas: 1
  currentMetrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      current:
        averageUtilization: 0
        averageValue: 0

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Notice that the targetCPUUtilizationPercentage field has been replaced with an array called metrics. The CPU utilization metric is a resource metric, since it is represented as a percentage of a resou


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: php-apache
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 50
status:
  observedGeneration: 1
  lastScaleTime: <some-time>
  currentReplicas: 1
  desiredReplicas: 1
  currentMetrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      current:
        averageUtilization: 0
        averageValue: 0

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Notice that the targetCPUUtilizationPercentage field has been replaced with an array called metrics. The CPU utilization metric is a resource metric, since it is represented as a percentage of a resou


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:

Response:
      name: memory
      target:
        type: AverageValue
        averageValue: 500Mi

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | There are two other types of metrics, both of which are considered custom metrics: pod metrics and object metrics. These metrics may have names which are cluster specific, and require a more advanced


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: memory
      target:
        type: AverageValue
        averageValue: 500Mi

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | There are two other types of metrics, both of which are considered custom metrics: pod metrics and object metrics. These metrics may have names which are cluster specific, and require a more advanced


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

type: Pods
pods:
  metric:

Response:
    name: packets-per-second
  target:
    type: AverageValue
    averageValue: 1k

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | The second alternative metric type is object metrics. These metrics describe a different object in the same namespace, instead of describing Pods. The metrics are not necessarily fetched from the obje


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

type: Pods
pods:
  metric:
    name: packets-per-second
  target:
    type: AverageValue
    averageValue: 1k

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | The second alternative metric type is object metrics. These metrics describe a different object in the same namespace, instead of describing Pods. The metrics are not necessarily fetched from the obje


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

type: Object
object:
  metric:
    name: requests-per-second
  describedObject:

Response:
    apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
    kind: Ingress
    name: main-route
  target:
    type: Value
    value: 2k

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | If you provide multiple such metric blocks, the HorizontalPodAutoscaler will consider each metric in turn. The HorizontalPodAutoscaler will calculate proposed replica counts for each metric, and then


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

type: Object
object:
  metric:
    name: requests-per-second
  describedObject:
    apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
    kind: Ingress
    name: main-route
  target:
    type: Value
    value: 2k

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | If you provide multiple such metric blocks, the HorizontalPodAutoscaler will consider each metric in turn. The HorizontalPodAutoscaler will calculate proposed replica counts for each metric, and then


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: php-apache
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 50
  - type: Pods
    pods:
      metric:
        name: packets-per-second
      target:
        type: AverageValue
        averageValue: 1k
  - type: Object
    object:
      metric:
        name: requests-per-second

Response:
      describedObject:
        apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
        kind: Ingress
        name: main-route
      target:
        type: Value
        value: 10k
status:
  observedGeneration: 1
  lastScaleTime: <some-time>
  currentReplicas: 1
  desiredReplicas: 1
  currentMetrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
    current:
      averageUtilization: 0
      averageValue: 0
  - type: Object
    object:
      metric:
        name: requests-per-second
      describedObject:
        apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
        kind: Ingress
        name: main-route
      current:
        value: 10k

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Then, your HorizontalPodAutoscaler would attempt to ensure that each pod was consuming roughly 50% of its requested CPU, serving 1000 packets per second, and that all pods behind the main-route Ingres


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: php-apache
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 50
  - type: Pods
    pods:
      metric:
        name: packets-per-second
      target:
        type: AverageValue
        averageValue: 1k
  - type: Object
    object:
      metric:
        name: requests-per-second
      describedObject:
        apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
        kind: Ingress
        name: main-route
      target:
        type: Value
        value: 10k
status:
  observedGeneration: 1
  lastScaleTime: <some-time>
  currentReplicas: 1
  desiredReplicas: 1
  currentMetrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
    current:
      averageUtilization: 0
      averageValue: 0
  - type: Object
    object:
      metric:
        name: requests-per-second
      describedObject:
        apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
        kind: Ingress
        name: main-route
      current:
        value: 10k

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Then, your HorizontalPodAutoscaler would attempt to ensure that each pod was consuming roughly 50% of its requested CPU, serving 1000 packets per second, and that all pods behind the main-route Ingres


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

type: Object
object:

Response:
  metric:
    name: http_requests
    selector: {matchLabels: {verb: GET}}

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | This selector uses the same syntax as the full Kubernetes label selectors. The monitoring pipeline determines how to collapse multiple series into a single value, if the name and selector match multip


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

type: Object
object:
  metric:
    name: http_requests
    selector: {matchLabels: {verb: GET}}

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | This selector uses the same syntax as the full Kubernetes label selectors. The monitoring pipeline determines how to collapse multiple series into a single value, if the name and selector match multip


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

- type: External
  external:
    metric:
      name: queue_messages_ready
      selector:

Response:
        matchLabels:
          queue: "worker_tasks"
    target:
      type: AverageValue
      averageValue: 30

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | When possible, it's preferable to use the custom metric target types instead of external metrics, since it's easier for cluster administrators to secure the custom metrics API. The external metrics AP


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

- type: External
  external:
    metric:
      name: queue_messages_ready
      selector:
        matchLabels:
          queue: "worker_tasks"
    target:
      type: AverageValue
      averageValue: 30

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | When possible, it's preferable to use the custom metric target types instead of external metrics, since it's easier for cluster administrators to secure the custom metrics API. The external metrics AP


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Name:                           cm-test
Namespace:                      prom
Labels:                         <none>
Annotations:                    <none>
CreationTimestamp:              Fri, 16 Jun 2017 18:09:22 +0000
Reference:                      ReplicationController/cm-test
Metrics:                        ( current / target )
  "http_requests" on pods:      66m / 500m
Min replicas:                   1

Response:
Max replicas:                   4
ReplicationController pods:     1 current / 1 desired
Conditions:
  Type                  Status  Reason                  Message
  ----                  ------  ------                  -------
  AbleToScale           True    ReadyForNewScale        the last scale time was sufficiently old as to warrant a new scale
  ScalingActive         True    ValidMetricFound        the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from pods metric http_requests
  ScalingLimited        False   DesiredWithinRange      the desired replica count is within the acceptable range
Events:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | For this HorizontalPodAutoscaler, you can see several conditions in a healthy state. The first, AbleToScale, indicates whether or not the HPA is able to fetch and update scales, as well as whether or


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Name:                           cm-test
Namespace:                      prom
Labels:                         <none>
Annotations:                    <none>
CreationTimestamp:              Fri, 16 Jun 2017 18:09:22 +0000
Reference:                      ReplicationController/cm-test
Metrics:                        ( current / target )
  "http_requests" on pods:      66m / 500m
Min replicas:                   1
Max replicas:                   4
ReplicationController pods:     1 current / 1 desired
Conditions:
  Type                  Status  Reason                  Message
  ----                  ------  ------                  -------
  AbleToScale           True    ReadyForNewScale        the last scale time was sufficiently old as to warrant a new scale
  ScalingActive         True    ValidMetricFound        the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from pods metric http_requests
  ScalingLimited        False   DesiredWithinRange      the desired replica count is within the acceptable range
Events:

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | For this HorizontalPodAutoscaler, you can see several conditions in a healthy state. The first, AbleToScale, indicates whether or not the HPA is able to fetch and update scales, as well as whether or


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: php-apache

Response:
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 50

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Then, create the autoscaler by executing the following command:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: php-apache
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 50

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Then, create the autoscaler by executing the following command:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl create -f https://k8s.io/examples/application/hpa/php-apache.yaml

Response: This bash code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough |

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough |


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/php-apache created

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough |

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough |


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      run: php-apache
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        run: php-apache
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: php-apache
        image: registry.k8s.io/hpa-example
        ports:

Response:
        - containerPort: 80
        resources:
          limits:
            cpu: 500m
          requests:
            cpu: 200m
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: php-apache
  labels:
    run: php-apache
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
  selector:
    run: php-apache

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | To do so, run the following command:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      run: php-apache
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        run: php-apache
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: php-apache
        image: registry.k8s.io/hpa-example
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
        resources:
          limits:
            cpu: 500m
          requests:
            cpu: 200m
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: php-apache
  labels:
    run: php-apache
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
  selector:
    run: php-apache

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | To do so, run the following command:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/application/php-apache.yaml

Response: This shell code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Now that the server is running, create the autoscaler using kubectl. The kubectl autoscale subcommand, part of kubectl, helps you do this.

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Now that the server is running, create the autoscaler using kubectl. The kubectl autoscale subcommand, part of kubectl, helps you do this.


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

deployment.apps/php-apache created
service/php-apache created

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Now that the server is running, create the autoscaler using kubectl. The kubectl autoscale subcommand, part of kubectl, helps you do this.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl autoscale deployment php-apache --cpu=50% --min=1 --max=10

Response: This shell code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | You can check the current status of the newly-made HorizontalPodAutoscaler, by running:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | You can check the current status of the newly-made HorizontalPodAutoscaler, by running:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/php-apache autoscaled

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | You can check the current status of the newly-made HorizontalPodAutoscaler, by running:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# You can use "hpa" or "horizontalpodautoscaler"; either name works OK.
kubectl get hpa

Response: This shell code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | The output is similar to:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME         REFERENCE                     TARGET    MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
php-apache   Deployment/php-apache/scale   0% / 50%  1         10        1          18s

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | (if you see other HorizontalPodAutoscalers with different names, that means they already existed, and isn't usually a problem).

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | (if you see other HorizontalPodAutoscalers with different names, that means they already existed, and isn't usually a problem).


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# Run this in a separate terminal
# so that the load generation continues and you can carry on with the rest of the steps
kubectl run -i --tty load-generator --rm --image=busybox:1.28 --restart=Never -- /bin/sh -c "while sleep 0.01; do wget -q -O- http://php-apache; done"

Response: This shell code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Now run:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Now run:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# type Ctrl+C to end the watch when you're ready
kubectl get hpa php-apache --watch

Response: This shell code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Within a minute or so, you should see the higher CPU load; for example:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Within a minute or so, you should see the higher CPU load; for example:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME         REFERENCE                     TARGET      MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
php-apache   Deployment/php-apache/scale   305% / 50%  1         10        1          3m

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | and then, more replicas. For example:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | and then, more replicas. For example:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME         REFERENCE                     TARGET      MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
php-apache   Deployment/php-apache/scale   305% / 50%  1         10        7          3m

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Here, CPU consumption has increased to 305% of the request. As a result, the Deployment was resized to 7 replicas:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Here, CPU consumption has increased to 305% of the request. As a result, the Deployment was resized to 7 replicas:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME         READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
php-apache   7/7      7           7           19m

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | To finish the example, stop sending the load.

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | To finish the example, stop sending the load.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

# type Ctrl+C to end the watch when you're ready
kubectl get hpa php-apache --watch

Response: This shell code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME         REFERENCE                     TARGET       MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
php-apache   Deployment/php-apache/scale   0% / 50%     1         10        1          11m

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | and the Deployment also shows that it has scaled down:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | and the Deployment also shows that it has scaled down:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

NAME         READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
php-apache   1/1     1            1           27m

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Once CPU utilization dropped to 0, the HPA automatically scaled the number of replicas back down to 1.

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Once CPU utilization dropped to 0, the HPA automatically scaled the number of replicas back down to 1.


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl get hpa php-apache -o yaml > /tmp/hpa-v2.yaml

Response: This shell code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Open the /tmp/hpa-v2.yaml file in an editor, and you should see YAML which looks like this:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Open the /tmp/hpa-v2.yaml file in an editor, and you should see YAML which looks like this:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: php-apache
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu

Response:
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 50
status:
  observedGeneration: 1
  lastScaleTime: <some-time>
  currentReplicas: 1
  desiredReplicas: 1
  currentMetrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      current:
        averageUtilization: 0
        averageValue: 0

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Notice that the targetCPUUtilizationPercentage field has been replaced with an array called metrics. The CPU utilization metric is a resource metric, since it is represented as a percentage of a resou


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: php-apache
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 50
status:
  observedGeneration: 1
  lastScaleTime: <some-time>
  currentReplicas: 1
  desiredReplicas: 1
  currentMetrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      current:
        averageUtilization: 0
        averageValue: 0

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Notice that the targetCPUUtilizationPercentage field has been replaced with an array called metrics. The CPU utilization metric is a resource metric, since it is represented as a percentage of a resou


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:

Response:
      name: memory
      target:
        type: AverageValue
        averageValue: 500Mi

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | There are two other types of metrics, both of which are considered custom metrics: pod metrics and object metrics. These metrics may have names which are cluster specific, and require a more advanced


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: memory
      target:
        type: AverageValue
        averageValue: 500Mi

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | There are two other types of metrics, both of which are considered custom metrics: pod metrics and object metrics. These metrics may have names which are cluster specific, and require a more advanced


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

type: Pods
pods:
  metric:

Response:
    name: packets-per-second
  target:
    type: AverageValue
    averageValue: 1k

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | The second alternative metric type is object metrics. These metrics describe a different object in the same namespace, instead of describing Pods. The metrics are not necessarily fetched from the obje


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

type: Pods
pods:
  metric:
    name: packets-per-second
  target:
    type: AverageValue
    averageValue: 1k

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | The second alternative metric type is object metrics. These metrics describe a different object in the same namespace, instead of describing Pods. The metrics are not necessarily fetched from the obje


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

type: Object
object:
  metric:
    name: requests-per-second
  describedObject:

Response:
    apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
    kind: Ingress
    name: main-route
  target:
    type: Value
    value: 2k

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | If you provide multiple such metric blocks, the HorizontalPodAutoscaler will consider each metric in turn. The HorizontalPodAutoscaler will calculate proposed replica counts for each metric, and then


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

type: Object
object:
  metric:
    name: requests-per-second
  describedObject:
    apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
    kind: Ingress
    name: main-route
  target:
    type: Value
    value: 2k

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | If you provide multiple such metric blocks, the HorizontalPodAutoscaler will consider each metric in turn. The HorizontalPodAutoscaler will calculate proposed replica counts for each metric, and then


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: php-apache
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 50
  - type: Pods
    pods:
      metric:
        name: packets-per-second
      target:
        type: AverageValue
        averageValue: 1k
  - type: Object
    object:
      metric:
        name: requests-per-second

Response:
      describedObject:
        apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
        kind: Ingress
        name: main-route
      target:
        type: Value
        value: 10k
status:
  observedGeneration: 1
  lastScaleTime: <some-time>
  currentReplicas: 1
  desiredReplicas: 1
  currentMetrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
    current:
      averageUtilization: 0
      averageValue: 0
  - type: Object
    object:
      metric:
        name: requests-per-second
      describedObject:
        apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
        kind: Ingress
        name: main-route
      current:
        value: 10k

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Then, your HorizontalPodAutoscaler would attempt to ensure that each pod was consuming roughly 50% of its requested CPU, serving 1000 packets per second, and that all pods behind the main-route Ingres


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: php-apache
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 50
  - type: Pods
    pods:
      metric:
        name: packets-per-second
      target:
        type: AverageValue
        averageValue: 1k
  - type: Object
    object:
      metric:
        name: requests-per-second
      describedObject:
        apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
        kind: Ingress
        name: main-route
      target:
        type: Value
        value: 10k
status:
  observedGeneration: 1
  lastScaleTime: <some-time>
  currentReplicas: 1
  desiredReplicas: 1
  currentMetrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
    current:
      averageUtilization: 0
      averageValue: 0
  - type: Object
    object:
      metric:
        name: requests-per-second
      describedObject:
        apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
        kind: Ingress
        name: main-route
      current:
        value: 10k

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Then, your HorizontalPodAutoscaler would attempt to ensure that each pod was consuming roughly 50% of its requested CPU, serving 1000 packets per second, and that all pods behind the main-route Ingres


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

type: Object
object:

Response:
  metric:
    name: http_requests
    selector: {matchLabels: {verb: GET}}

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | This selector uses the same syntax as the full Kubernetes label selectors. The monitoring pipeline determines how to collapse multiple series into a single value, if the name and selector match multip


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

type: Object
object:
  metric:
    name: http_requests
    selector: {matchLabels: {verb: GET}}

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | This selector uses the same syntax as the full Kubernetes label selectors. The monitoring pipeline determines how to collapse multiple series into a single value, if the name and selector match multip


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

- type: External
  external:
    metric:
      name: queue_messages_ready
      selector:

Response:
        matchLabels:
          queue: "worker_tasks"
    target:
      type: AverageValue
      averageValue: 30

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | When possible, it's preferable to use the custom metric target types instead of external metrics, since it's easier for cluster administrators to secure the custom metrics API. The external metrics AP


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

- type: External
  external:
    metric:
      name: queue_messages_ready
      selector:
        matchLabels:
          queue: "worker_tasks"
    target:
      type: AverageValue
      averageValue: 30

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | When possible, it's preferable to use the custom metric target types instead of external metrics, since it's easier for cluster administrators to secure the custom metrics API. The external metrics AP


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

Name:                           cm-test
Namespace:                      prom
Labels:                         <none>
Annotations:                    <none>
CreationTimestamp:              Fri, 16 Jun 2017 18:09:22 +0000
Reference:                      ReplicationController/cm-test
Metrics:                        ( current / target )
  "http_requests" on pods:      66m / 500m
Min replicas:                   1

Response:
Max replicas:                   4
ReplicationController pods:     1 current / 1 desired
Conditions:
  Type                  Status  Reason                  Message
  ----                  ------  ------                  -------
  AbleToScale           True    ReadyForNewScale        the last scale time was sufficiently old as to warrant a new scale
  ScalingActive         True    ValidMetricFound        the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from pods metric http_requests
  ScalingLimited        False   DesiredWithinRange      the desired replica count is within the acceptable range
Events:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | For this HorizontalPodAutoscaler, you can see several conditions in a healthy state. The first, AbleToScale, indicates whether or not the HPA is able to fetch and update scales, as well as whether or


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

Name:                           cm-test
Namespace:                      prom
Labels:                         <none>
Annotations:                    <none>
CreationTimestamp:              Fri, 16 Jun 2017 18:09:22 +0000
Reference:                      ReplicationController/cm-test
Metrics:                        ( current / target )
  "http_requests" on pods:      66m / 500m
Min replicas:                   1
Max replicas:                   4
ReplicationController pods:     1 current / 1 desired
Conditions:
  Type                  Status  Reason                  Message
  ----                  ------  ------                  -------
  AbleToScale           True    ReadyForNewScale        the last scale time was sufficiently old as to warrant a new scale
  ScalingActive         True    ValidMetricFound        the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from pods metric http_requests
  ScalingLimited        False   DesiredWithinRange      the desired replica count is within the acceptable range
Events:

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | For this HorizontalPodAutoscaler, you can see several conditions in a healthy state. The first, AbleToScale, indicates whether or not the HPA is able to fetch and update scales, as well as whether or


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: php-apache

Response:
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 50

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Then, create the autoscaler by executing the following command:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: php-apache
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 50

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Then, create the autoscaler by executing the following command:


Prompt:
Explain this shell code:

kubectl create -f https://k8s.io/examples/application/hpa/php-apache.yaml

Response: This shell code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough |

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough |


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/php-apache created

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough |

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough |


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

application/php-apache.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      run: php-apache
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        run: php-apache
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: php-apache
        image: registry.k8s.io/hpa-example
        ports:

Response:
        - containerPort: 80
        resources:
          limits:
            cpu: 500m
          requests:
            cpu: 200m
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: php-apache
  labels:
    run: php-apache
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
  selector:
    run: php-apache

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | To do so, run the following command:


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

application/php-apache.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      run: php-apache
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        run: php-apache
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: php-apache
        image: registry.k8s.io/hpa-example
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
        resources:
          limits:
            cpu: 500m
          requests:
            cpu: 200m
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: php-apache
  labels:
    run: php-apache
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
  selector:
    run: php-apache

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | To do so, run the following command:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      run: php-apache
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        run: php-apache
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: php-apache
        image: registry.k8s.io/hpa-example
        ports:

Response:
        - containerPort: 80
        resources:
          limits:
            cpu: 500m
          requests:
            cpu: 200m
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: php-apache
  labels:
    run: php-apache
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
  selector:
    run: php-apache


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      run: php-apache
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        run: php-apache
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: php-apache
        image: registry.k8s.io/hpa-example
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
        resources:
          limits:
            cpu: 500m
          requests:
            cpu: 200m
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: php-apache
  labels:
    run: php-apache
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
  selector:
    run: php-apache

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | To do so, run the following command:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/application/php-apache.yaml

Response: This bash code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Now that the server is running, create the autoscaler using kubectl. The kubectl autoscale subcommand, part of kubectl, helps you do this.

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Now that the server is running, create the autoscaler using kubectl. The kubectl autoscale subcommand, part of kubectl, helps you do this.


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl autoscale deployment php-apache --cpu=50% --min=1 --max=10

Response: This bash code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | You can check the current status of the newly-made HorizontalPodAutoscaler, by running:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | You can check the current status of the newly-made HorizontalPodAutoscaler, by running:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# You can use "hpa" or "horizontalpodautoscaler"; either name works OK.
kubectl get hpa

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | The output is similar to:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# Run this in a separate terminal
# so that the load generation continues and you can carry on with the rest of the steps
kubectl run -i --tty load-generator --rm --image=busybox:1.28 --restart=Never -- /bin/sh -c "while sleep 0.01; do wget -q -O- http://php-apache; done"

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Now run:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Now run:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# type Ctrl+C to end the watch when you're ready
kubectl get hpa php-apache --watch

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Within a minute or so, you should see the higher CPU load; for example:

Context: HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Within a minute or so, you should see the higher CPU load; for example:


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

# type Ctrl+C to end the watch when you're ready
kubectl get hpa php-apache --watch

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | The output is similar to:


Prompt:
Explain this bash code:

kubectl get hpa php-apache -o yaml > /tmp/hpa-v2.yaml

Response: This bash code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Open the /tmp/hpa-v2.yaml file in an editor, and you should see YAML which looks like this:


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: php-apache
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu

Response:
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 50
status:
  observedGeneration: 1
  lastScaleTime: <some-time>
  currentReplicas: 1
  desiredReplicas: 1
  currentMetrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      current:
        averageUtilization: 0
        averageValue: 0


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: php-apache
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: php-apache
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 50
status:
  observedGeneration: 1
  lastScaleTime: <some-time>
  currentReplicas: 1
  desiredReplicas: 1
  currentMetrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      current:
        averageUtilization: 0
        averageValue: 0

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | Notice that the targetCPUUtilizationPercentage field has been replaced with an array called metrics. The CPU utilization metric is a resource metric, since it is represented as a percentage of a resou


Prompt:
Complete this text code:

type: Pods
pods:
  metric:

Response:
    name: packets-per-second
  target:
    type: AverageValue
    averageValue: 1k


Prompt:
Explain this text code:

type: Pods
pods:
  metric:
    name: packets-per-second
  target:
    type: AverageValue
    averageValue: 1k

Response: This text code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | The second alternative metric type is object metrics. These metrics describe a different object in the same namespace, instead of describing Pods. The metrics are not necessarily fetched from the obje


Prompt:
Complete this yaml code:

type: Object
object:
  metric:
    name: requests-per-second
  describedObject:

Response:
    apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
    kind: Ingress
    name: main-route
  target:
    type: Value
    value: 2k


Prompt:
Explain this yaml code:

type: Object
object:
  metric:
    name: requests-per-second
  describedObject:
    apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
    kind: Ingress
    name: main-route
  target:
    type: Value
    value: 2k

Response: This yaml code HorizontalPodAutoscaler Walkthrough | If you provide multiple such metric blocks, the HorizontalPodAutoscaler will consider each metric in turn. The HorizontalPodAutoscaler will calculate proposed replica counts for each metric, and then